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      Der Umgang mit belastenden Ereignissen als organisationsethische Herausforderung am Beispiel „Behandlungsfehler“ Translated title: Handling critical incidents as organizational–ethical challenges using the example of “medical errors”

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          Abstract

          Von Mitarbeitenden im Gesundheitswesen wird ein professioneller Umgang mit PatientInnen und Zugehörigen verlangt. Die Begleitung in Lebenskrisen, bei Erkrankung, Sterben und Tod stellt hohe Anforderungen. Als besonders belastend kann erlebt werden, wenn Mitarbeitende bei der Entscheidungsfindung in Gewissenskonflikte geraten oder sich in einer Dilemmasituation wiederfinden. Das Spektrum reicht von außergewöhnlichen Triage-Entscheidungen bis hin zu einem – vergleichsweise häufigeren – Beteiligtsein an einem (mutmaßlichen oder Beinahe‑) Behandlungsfehler. Angesichts der teilweise tragischen Auswirkungen auf die Patienten und Zugehörigen, die ihr Vertrauen in die Institution gesetzt haben, wird der Umgang für die Mitarbeitenden vor allem dann zusätzlich belastend, wenn innerhalb der Organisation kein glaubwürdiges Konzept für einen strukturierten Umgang mit derartigen Ereignissen etabliert und unter den Kolleginnen und Kollegen sowie Vorgesetzten wenig Wissen über hilfreiche Unterstützungsmöglichkeiten vorhanden ist.

          Translated abstract

          Definition of the problem

          Employees in the healthcare sector are expected to deal professionally with patients and their families at all times. Accompanying them through existential crises, disease, dying, and death is highly demanding. A situation which employees can experience as particularly stressful is when a decision needs to be made and they find themselves in a moral conflict or dilemma.

          Arguments

          Such situations range from extremely rare triage decisions to comparably “everyday” involvement in (alleged) medical error.

          Conclusion

          In some cases the outcome for patients and their families, who had placed their trust in the institution, can be tragic, and this already burdensome situation for employees is further exacerbated when there is no credible concept established within the organization for dealing with such events in a structured manner, and when colleagues and their superiors have little to no knowledge about helpful support options.

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          Most cited references25

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          Medical error: the second victim

          A. W Wu (2000)
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            The emotional impact of medical errors on practicing physicians in the United States and Canada.

            Being involved in medical errors can compound the job-related stress many physicians experience. The impact of errors on physicians was examined. A survey completed by 3,171 of the 4,990 eligible physicians in internal medicine, pediatrics, family medicine, and surgery (64% response rate) examined how errors affected five work and life domains. Physicians reported increased anxiety about future errors (61%), loss of confidence (44%), sleeping difficulties (42%), reduced job satisfaction (42%), and harm to their reputation (13%) following errors. Physicians' job-related stress increased when they had been involved with a serious error. However, one third of physicians only involved with near misses also reported increased stress. Physicians were more likely to be distressed after serious errors when they were dissatisfied with error disclosure to patients (odds ratio [OR] = 3.86, confidence interval [CI] = 1.66, 9.00), perceived a greater risk of being sued (OR = .28, CI = 1.50, 3.48), spent greater than 75% time in clinical practice (OR = 2.20, CI = 1.60, 3.01), or were female (OR = 1.91, CI = 1.21, 3.02). Only 10% agreed that health care organizations adequately supported them in coping with error-related stress. Many physicians experience significant emotional distress and job-related stress following serious errors and near misses. Organizational resources to support physicians after errors should be improved.
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              Implementing the RISE second victim support programme at the Johns Hopkins Hospital: a case study

              Background Second victims are healthcare workers who experience emotional distress following patient adverse events. Studies indicate the need to develop organisational support programmes for these workers. The RISE (Resilience In Stressful Events) programme was developed at the Johns Hopkins Hospital to provide this support. Objective To describe the development of RISE and evaluate its initial feasibility and subsequent implementation. Programme phases included (1) developing the RISE programme, (2) recruiting and training peer responders, (3) pilot launch in the Department of Paediatrics and (4) hospital-wide implementation. Methods Mixed-methods study, including frequency counts of encounters, staff surveys and evaluations by RISE peer responders. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise demographic characteristics and proportions of responses to categorical, Likert and ordinal scales. Qualitative analysis and coding were used to analyse open-ended responses from questionnaires and focus groups. Results A baseline staff survey found that most staff had experienced an unanticipated adverse event, and most would prefer peer support. A total of 119 calls, involving ∼500 individuals, were received in the first 52 months. The majority of calls were from nurses, and very few were related to medical errors (4%). Peer responders reported that the encounters were successful in 88% of cases and 83.3% reported meeting the caller's needs. Low awareness of the programme was a barrier to hospital-wide expansion. However, over the 4 years, the rate of calls increased from ∼1–4 calls per month. The programme evolved to accommodate requests for group support. Conclusions Hospital staff identified the need for a multidisciplinary peer support programme for second victims. Peer responders reported success in responding to calls, the majority of which were for adverse events rather than for medical errors. The low initial volume of calls emphasises the importance of promoting awareness of the value of emotional support and the availability of the programme.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                kurt.schmidt@ekhn.de
                Journal
                Ethik Med
                Ethik Med
                Ethik in Der Medizin
                Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                0935-7335
                1437-1618
                2 September 2020
                : 1-10
                Affiliations
                Zentrum für Ethik in der Medizin, Wilhelm-Epstein-Str. 4, 60431 Frankfurt/M., Deutschland
                Article
                596
                10.1007/s00481-020-00596-w
                7466920
                9af2a4fa-5b31-485d-a27e-f5a07a3ed0a8
                © Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2020

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 19 March 2020
                : 27 July 2020
                Categories
                Originalarbeit

                Ethics
                behandlungsfehler,organisationsethik,menschlicher faktor,fehlermeldesystem (cirs),critical incident stress management (cism),kriseninterventionsteam,medical error,organizational ethics,human factor,critical incident reporting system (cirs),rapid response team (rrt)

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