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      Forelimb musculature and osteological correlates in Sauropodomorpha (Dinosauria, Saurischia)

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      Journal: PLoS ONE
      Publisher: Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          This contribution presents the forelimb muscular arrangement of sauropodomorph dinosaurs as inferred by comparisons with living archosaurs (crocodiles and birds) following the Extant Phylogenetic Bracket approach. Forty-one muscles were reconstructed, including lower limb and manus musculature, which prior information available was scarce for sauropodomorphs. A strong emphasis was placed on osteological correlates (such as tubercles, ridges and striae) and comparisons with primitive archosauromorphs are included in order to track these correlates throughout the clade. This should help to elucidate how widespread among other archosaurian groups are these osteological correlates identified in Sauropodomorpha. The ultimate goal of this contribution was to provide an exhaustive guide to muscular identification in fossil archosaurs and to offer solid anatomical bases for future studies based on osteology, myology, functional morphology and systematics.

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          The evolution of dinosaurs.

          P. C. SERENO (1999)
          The ascendancy of dinosaurs on land near the close of the Triassic now appears to have been as accidental and opportunistic as their demise and replacement by therian mammals at the end of the Cretaceous. The dinosaurian radiation, launched by 1-meter-long bipeds, was slower in tempo and more restricted in adaptive scope than that of therian mammals. A notable exception was the evolution of birds from small-bodied predatory dinosaurs, which involved a dramatic decrease in body size. Recurring phylogenetic trends among dinosaurs include, to the contrary, increase in body size. There is no evidence for co-evolution between predators and prey or between herbivores and flowering plants. As the major land masses drifted apart, dinosaurian biogeography was molded more by regional extinction and intercontinental dispersal than by the breakup sequence of Pangaea.
          Article 0 comments Cited 303 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            A nomenclature for vertebral laminae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs

            Jeffrey Wilson (1999)
            Article 0 comments Cited 209 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              The phylogenetic relationships of basal archosauromorphs, with an emphasis on the systematics of proterosuchian archosauriforms

              Martín Ezcurra (2016)
              The early evolution of archosauromorphs during the Permo-Triassic constitutes an excellent empirical case study to shed light on evolutionary radiations in deep time and the timing and processes of recovery of terrestrial faunas after a mass extinction. However, macroevolutionary studies of early archosauromorphs are currently limited by poor knowledge of their phylogenetic relationships. In particular, one of the main early archosauromorph groups that need an exhaustive phylogenetic study is “Proterosuchia,” which as historically conceived includes members of both Proterosuchidae and Erythrosuchidae. A new data matrix composed of 96 separate taxa (several of them not included in a quantitative phylogenetic analysis before) and 600 osteological characters was assembled and analysed to generate a comprehensive higher-level phylogenetic hypothesis of basal archosauromorphs and shed light on the species-level interrelationships of taxa historically identified as proterosuchian archosauriforms. The results of the analysis using maximum parsimony include a polyphyletic “Prolacertiformes” and “Protorosauria,” in which the Permian Aenigmastropheus and Protorosaurus are the most basal archosauromorphs. The enigmatic choristoderans are either found as the sister-taxa of all other lepidosauromorphs or archosauromorphs, but consistently placed within Sauria. Prolacertids, rhynchosaurs, allokotosaurians and tanystropheids are the major successive sister clades of Archosauriformes. The Early Triassic Tasmaniosaurus is recovered as the sister-taxon of Archosauriformes. Proterosuchidae is unambiguosly restricted to five species that occur immediately after and before the Permo-Triassic boundary, thus implying that they are a short-lived “disaster” clade. Erythrosuchidae is composed of eight nominal species that occur during the Early and Middle Triassic. “Proterosuchia” is polyphyletic, in which erythrosuchids are more closely related to Euparkeria and more crownward archosauriforms than to proterosuchids, and several species are found widespread along the archosauromorph tree, some being nested within Archosauria (e.g., “Chasmatosaurus ultimus,” Youngosuchus). Doswelliids and proterochampsids are recovered as more closely related to each other than to other archosauromorphs, forming a large clade (Proterochampsia) of semi-aquatic to aquatic forms that includes the bizarre genus Vancleavea. Euparkeria is one of the sister-taxa of the clade composed of proterochampsians and archosaurs. The putative Indian archosaur Yarasuchus is recovered in a polytomy with Euparkeria and more crownward archosauriforms, and as more closely related to the Russian Dongusuchus than to other species. Phytosaurs are recovered as the sister-taxa of all other pseudosuchians, thus being nested within Archosauria.
              Article 0 comments Cited 170 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Alejandro Otero:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4766-7086
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Sliman J. Bensmaia: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 5 July 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 13
                Issue: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0198988
                Affiliations
                [001]CONICET - División Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
                University of Chicago, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The author has declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4766-7086
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-17-11804
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198988
                PMC ID: 6033415
                PubMed ID: 29975691
                SO-VID: 123ba62a-58c6-4bb3-9b40-4c2013188093
                Copyright © © 2018 Alejandro Otero
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 26 March 2017
                Date accepted : 30 May 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 22, Tables: 4, Pages: 65
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003074, Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica;
                Award ID: PICT 2011-2482 and PICT 2015-0504
                Award Recipient :
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4766-7086
                Funded by: Subsidio para Viajes y Estadías (La Plata University)
                Award Recipient :
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4766-7086
                Funded by: Whittingtton Award (The Palaeontological Association)
                Award Recipient :
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4766-7086
                Funded by: Research Grant (The Palaeontological Association)
                Award Recipient :
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4766-7086
                Funded by: Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Grant (AMNH)
                Award Recipient :
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4766-7086
                Funded by: Ostrom Fund (Yale University)
                Award Recipient :
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4766-7086
                Funded by: Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD)
                Award Recipient :
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4766-7086
                Funded by: Programa de Cooperación Científico-Tecnológica MINCyT
                Traveling in the context of the present study was possible thanks to the following financial support: Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (PICT 2011-2482 and PICT 2015-0504), Subsidio para Viajes y Estadías (La Plata University), Whittingtton Award and Research Grant (The Palaeontological Association), Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Grant (AMNH), Short Term Visitor Award (The Smithsonian Institution), Visiting Scholarships (FMNH), Ostrom Fund (Yale University), and Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD) to A.O., and Programa de Cooperación Científico-Tecnológica MINCyT (Argentina).
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Eukaryota
                Subject: Animals
                Subject: Prehistoric Animals
                Subject: Archosauria
                Subject: Dinosaurs
                Subject: Saurischia
                Subject: Sauropoda
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Prehistoric Animals
                Subject: Archosauria
                Subject: Dinosaurs
                Subject: Saurischia
                Subject: Sauropoda
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Prehistoric Animals
                Subject: Archosauria
                Subject: Dinosaurs
                Subject: Saurischia
                Subject: Sauropoda
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Paleobiology
                Subject: Paleozoology
                Subject: Vertebrate Paleontology
                Subject: Prehistoric Animals
                Subject: Archosauria
                Subject: Dinosaurs
                Subject: Saurischia
                Subject: Sauropoda
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Paleobiology
                Subject: Paleozoology
                Subject: Vertebrate Paleontology
                Subject: Prehistoric Animals
                Subject: Archosauria
                Subject: Dinosaurs
                Subject: Saurischia
                Subject: Sauropoda
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Skeleton
                Subject: Humerus
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Skeleton
                Subject: Humerus
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Osteology
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Osteology
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Eukaryota
                Subject: Animals
                Subject: Prehistoric Animals
                Subject: Archosauria
                Subject: Dinosaurs
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Prehistoric Animals
                Subject: Archosauria
                Subject: Dinosaurs
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Prehistoric Animals
                Subject: Archosauria
                Subject: Dinosaurs
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Paleobiology
                Subject: Paleozoology
                Subject: Vertebrate Paleontology
                Subject: Prehistoric Animals
                Subject: Archosauria
                Subject: Dinosaurs
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Paleontology
                Subject: Paleobiology
                Subject: Paleozoology
                Subject: Vertebrate Paleontology
                Subject: Prehistoric Animals
                Subject: Archosauria
                Subject: Dinosaurs
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Eukaryota
                Subject: Animals
                Subject: Vertebrates
                Subject: Amniotes
                Subject: Reptiles
                Subject: Crocodiles
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Eukaryota
                Subject: Animals
                Subject: Vertebrates
                Subject: Amniotes
                Subject: Birds
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Muscles
                Subject: Triceps
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Musculoskeletal System
                Subject: Muscles
                Subject: Triceps
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Eukaryota
                Subject: Animals
                Subject: Vertebrates
                Subject: Amniotes
                Subject: Reptiles
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