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      Impact of climate change on allergic diseases in Germany

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          Abstract

          Background

          Allergic diseases, especially inhalation allergies, have reached epidemic levels and environmental factors play an important role in their development. Climate change influences the occurrence, frequency, and severity of allergic diseases.

          Methods

          The contents of this article were selected by the authors and developed section by section according to their expertise and the current state of knowledge. The sections were then discussed and agreed upon amongst all authors.

          Results

          The article highlights direct and indirect effects of climate change on allergies. It goes into detail about the connections between climate change and (new) pollen allergens as well as (new) occupational inhalation allergens, explains the effects of climate change on the clinical picture of atopic dermatitis, discusses the connections between air pollutants and allergies, and provides information about the phenomenon of thunderstorm asthma.

          Conclusions

          There is a need for action in the field of pollen and fungal spore monitoring, allergy and sensitisation monitoring, urban planning from an allergological perspective, and changes in the working environment, among others.

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          Most cited references101

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          Changing climate both increases and decreases European river floods

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            Economic burden of inadequate management of allergic diseases in the European Union: a GA(2) LEN review.

            In the European Union (EU), between 44 and 76 million individuals of the 217 million EU employees suffer from allergic disease of the airways or the skin. Up to 90% of these persons are untreated or insufficiently treated. This has major socio-economic consequences such as absence from work (absenteeism), particularly reduced productivity at work (presenteeism).
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              Prevalences of positive skin test responses to 10 common allergens in the US population: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

              Allergy skin tests were administered in the second and third National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES II and III) conducted in the United States from 1976 through 1980 and 1988 through 1994, respectively. This study estimated positive skin test response rates in NHANES III and identified predictors of one or more positive test responses. Comparisons with NHANES II were also made. In NHANES III, 10 allergens and 2 controls were tested in all subjects aged 6 to 19 years and a random half-sample of subjects aged 20 to 59 years. A wheal-based definition of a positive test response was used. In NHANES III, 54.3% of the population had positive test responses to 1 or more allergens. Prevalences were 27.5% for dust mite, 26.9% for perennial rye, 26.2% for short ragweed, 26.1% for German cockroach, 18.1% for Bermuda grass, 17.0% for cat, 15.2% for Russian thistle, 13.2% for white oak, 12.9% for Alternaria alternata, and 8.6% for peanut. Among those with positive test responses, the median number of positive responses was 3.0. Adjusted odds of a positive test response were higher for the following variables: age of 20 to 29 years, male sex, minority race, western region, old homes, and lower serum cotinine levels. For the 6 allergens common to NHANES II and III, prevalences were 2.1 to 5.5 times higher in NHANES III. The majority of the US population represented in NHANES III was sensitized to 1 or more allergens. Whether the higher prevalences observed in NHANES III reflect true changes in prevalence or methodological differences between the surveys cannot be determined with certainty.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Health Monit
                J Health Monit
                JoHM
                Journal of Health Monitoring
                Robert Koch Institute (Nordufer 20 13353 Berlin, Germany )
                2511-2708
                06 September 2023
                September 2023
                : 8
                : Suppl 4
                : 76-102
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Institute of Allergology Berlin , Germany
                [2 ] Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP Immunology and Allergology Berlin , Germany
                [3 ] University Hospital Münster , Department of Dermatology, Outpatient Clinic for Allergology, Occupational Dermatology and Environmental Medicine Münster, Germany
                [4 ] German Meteorological Service Research Centre Human Biometeorology Freiburg , Germany
                [5 ] German Environment Agency Section II 1.5 Environmental medicine and health effects assessment Berlin , Germany
                [6 ] Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Competence Centre Allergology/Immunology Bochum , Germany
                [7 ] University Hospital Augsburg, Medical Faculty, Environmental Medicine Augsburg , Germany
                [8 ] Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg, Germany
                [9 ] Robert Koch Institute Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring Berlin , Germany
                [10 ] German Pollen Information Service Foundation Berlin , Germany
                Author notes
                Corresponding author Dr med Conny Höflich, German Environment Agency, Section II 1.5 Environmental medicine and health assessment, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany, E-mail: conny.hoeflich@ 123456uba.de

                This is part of a series of articles that constitute the German Status Report on Climate Change and Health 2023.

                Article
                10.25646/11654
                10548488
                37799537
                e8ceffdc-7f71-4eac-aa96-546f2051c0b6
                © Robert Koch Institute. All rights reserved unless explicitly granted.

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 January 2023
                : 07 June 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 113, Pages: 27
                Funding
                Funded by: Federal Ministry of Health
                Award Recipient : KlimGesundAkt
                The publication was coordinated through the project KlimGesundAkt, which is funded by the Federal Ministry of Health (chapter 1504; title 54401 HJ2021; duration 07/2021–06/2024).
                Categories
                Focus

                climate change,allergy,pollen,occupation,inhalant allergens,air pollutants,monitoring

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