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      Bronchiolitis in COVID-19 times: a nearly absent disease?

      brief-report

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Stay-at-home orders, physical distancing, face masks and other non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) do not only impact COVID-19, but also the dynamics of various other infectious diseases. Bronchiolitis is a clinically diagnosed viral infection of the lower respiratory tract, and causes a yearly seasonal wave of admissions in paediatric wards worldwide. We counted 92,5% less bronchiolitis hospitalisations in Antwerp before the expected end of the peak this year (of which only 1 RSV positive), as compared to the last 3 years. Furthermore, there was a >99% reduction in the number of registered RSV cases in Belgium.

          Conslusion: The 2020 winter bronchiolitis peak is hitherto nonexistent, but we fear a ‘delayed’ spring/summer bronchiolitis peak when most NPIs will be relaxed and pre-pandemic life restarts.

          What is known?

          • Bronchiolitis causes a yearly seasonal wave of admissions in paediatric departments worldwide.

          • Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) do not only impact COVID-19, but also the dynamics of various other infectious diseases.

          What is new?

          • The 2020 winter bronchiolitis peak is hitherto nonexistent.

          • A ‘delayed’ spring or summer bronchiolitis peak could happen when most NPIs will be relaxed and pre-pandemic life restarts.

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          Most cited references8

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          Significance of fomites in the spread of respiratory and enteric viral disease.

          Charles Gerba, Regina Boone (2007)
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            Viral bronchiolitis

            Todd Florin, Amy Plint, Joseph Zorc (2016)
            Summary Viral bronchiolitis is a common clinical syndrome affecting infants and young children. Concern about its associated morbidity and cost has led to a large body of research that has been summarised in systematic reviews and integrated into clinical practice guidelines in several countries. The evidence and guideline recommendations consistently support a clinical diagnosis with the limited role for diagnostic testing for children presenting with the typical clinical syndrome of viral upper respiratory infection progressing to the lower respiratory tract. Management is largely supportive, focusing on maintaining oxygenation and hydration of the patient. Evidence suggests no benefit from bronchodilator or corticosteroid use in infants with a first episode of bronchiolitis. Evidence for other treatments such as hypertonic saline is evolving but not clearly defined yet. For infants with severe disease, the insufficient available data suggest a role for high-flow nasal cannula and continuous positive airway pressure use in a monitored setting to prevent respiratory failure.
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              Is Open Access

              Why is There Low Morbidity and Mortality of COVID-19 in Africa?

              M. Njenga, Jeanette A. Dawa, Mark O Nanyingi … (2020)
              Abstract. Three months since the detection of the first COVID-19 case in Africa, almost all countries of the continent continued to report lower morbidity and mortality than the global trend, including Europe and North America. We reviewed the merits of various hypotheses advanced to explain this phenomenon, including low seeding rate, effective mitigation measures, population that is more youthful, favorable weather, and possible prior exposure to a cross-reactive virus. Having a youthful population and favorable weather appears compelling, particularly their combined effect; however, progression of the pandemic in the region and globally may dispel these in the coming months.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Daan Van Brusselen: daan.vanbrusselen@gza.be
                Katrien De Troeyer: katrien.detroeyer@kuleuven.be
                Eva ter Haar: eva.terhaar@zna.be
                Ann Vander Auwera: ann.vanderauwera@gza.be
                Katleen Poschet: katleen.poschet@gza.be
                Sascha Van Nuijs: sascha.vannuijs@gza.be
                An Bael: anna.bael@zna.be
                Kim Stobbelaar: kim.stobbelaar@uza.be
                Stijn Verhulst: stijn.verhulst@uza.be
                Bruno Van Herendael: bruno.vanherendael@gza.be
                Philippe Willems: philippe.willems@gza.be
                Melissa Vermeulen: melissa.vermeulen@sciensano.be
                Jeroen De Man: jeroen.deman@uantwerpen.be
                Nathalie Bossuyt: nathalie.bossuyt@sciensano.be
                Koen Vanden Driessche: koen.vandendriessche@uza.be
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Eur J Pediatr
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Eur J Pediatr
                Title: European Journal of Pediatrics
                Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                ISSN (Print): 0340-6199
                ISSN (Electronic): 1432-1076
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 January 2021
                Pages: 1-5
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.428965.4, ISNI 0000 0004 7536 2436, Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, , GZA Hospitals, ; Antwerp, Belgium
                [2 ]GRID grid.428965.4, ISNI 0000 0004 7536 2436, Multidisciplinary Unit of Infectious Diseases, , GZA Hospitals, ; Antwerp, Belgium
                [3 ]GRID grid.5342.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2069 7798, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, , Ghent University, ; Ghent, Belgium
                [4 ]GRID grid.5596.f, ISNI 0000 0001 0668 7884, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, , University of Leuven, ; Ghent, Belgium
                [5 ]GRID grid.416667.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0608 3935, Division of Paediatric Pulmonology, , ZNA Jan Palfijn Hospital, ; Antwerp, Belgium
                [6 ]GRID grid.416667.4, ISNI 0000 0004 0608 3935, Department of Paediatrics, , ZNA Queen Paola Children’s Hospital, ; Antwerp, Belgium
                [7 ]GRID grid.5284.b, ISNI 0000 0001 0790 3681, Faculty of Medicine, , Antwerp University, ; Antwerp, Belgium
                [8 ]GRID grid.411414.5, ISNI 0000 0004 0626 3418, Division of Paediatric Pulmonology, Department of Paediatrics, , University Hospital Antwerp, ; Edegem, Belgium
                [9 ]GRID grid.5284.b, ISNI 0000 0001 0790 3681, Lab of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, , University of Antwerp, ; Antwerp, Belgium
                [10 ]GRID grid.428965.4, ISNI 0000 0004 7536 2436, Department of Microbiology, , GZA Hospitals, ; Antwerp, Belgium
                [11 ]GRID grid.508031.f, Scientific Directorate of Epidemiology and Public Health, , Sciensano, ; Brussels, Belgium
                [12 ]GRID grid.5284.b, ISNI 0000 0001 0790 3681, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, , University of Antwerp, ; Antwerp, Belgium
                [13 ]Section Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
                Author notes

                Communicated by Peter de Winter

                Article
                Publisher ID: 3968
                DOI: 10.1007/s00431-021-03968-6
                PMC ID: 7847293
                PubMed ID: 33517482
                SO-VID: de3542ed-467f-427d-a21b-3dab7706de55
                Copyright © © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature 2021
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Date received : 29 December 2020
                Date revision received : 21 January 2021
                Date accepted : 26 January 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Short Communication

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pediatrics
                Keywords: covid-19,bronchiolitis,rsv,lockdown,non-pharmaceutical interventions (npis),paediatric infections
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pediatrics
                Keywords: covid-19, bronchiolitis, rsv, lockdown, non-pharmaceutical interventions (npis), paediatric infections

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