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      Toilet chemical additives and their effect on faecal sludge characteristics

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          Abstract

          This study investigated the effects of two mostly improvised chemical additives, calcium carbide and lambda super 2.5 EC (LSEC), on the physico–chemical and microbial characteristics of faecal sludge from toilets. The quality of faecal sludge was assessed before and after application of the chemical additives in an experimental setup of ten different treatment units including a control, and treatment replicates. The initial characteristic of the faecal sludge was slightly acidic with high content of slowly degradable organic matter. The experimental control without additives after 30 days showed reduction in BOD 5, COD, helminth eggs and sludge mass by a maximum of 30%, 34.7%, 99.8% and 55% respectively. Similarly, calcium carbide additive reduced the BOD 5, COD, helminth eggs and the mass of the faecal sludge by 47.4%, 48.3%, 99.6% and 61% respectively. Also, LSEC additive reduced BOD 5, COD, helminth eggs and the mass of the sludge by 40.6%, 47.9%, 95.9% and 58% respectively. The two additives showed significant treatment effect on the faecal sludge although the level of treatment could not meet the regulatory discharge limits for the key quality parameters assessed including sanitisation. The study is still a grey area and more research is recommended to enrich the findings.

          Abstract

          Environmental engineering; Environmental health; Environmental management; Environmental pollution; Microbiology; Public health; Calcium carbide; Lambda-cyhalothrin; Faecal sludge; Toilet additive; Characterisation; Mass loss; Sanitisation; Public toilet; Biodegradation; Helminth eggs.

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          The effects of temperature, pH, and ammonia concentration on the inactivation of Ascaris eggs in sewage sludge.

          T. Nelson, Brian M Pecson, J Barrios … (2007)
          The reported inactivation of Ascaris eggs during alkaline sludge stabilization is highly variable. The objective of our research was to better understand the sources of this variability by quantifying the effects of temperature, pH, and ammonia concentration on the inactivation of indigenous Ascaris eggs in wastewater sludge. Primary sludge was supplemented with ammonia (0, 1000, and 5000 mg/l NH(3)-N) and Ca(OH)(2) and incubated in sealed bottles across the range of temperatures (20, 30, 40, and 50 degrees C) and pH (7 and 12) that may be encountered during treatment. Changes in egg viability over time were fit to a two-parameter kinetic model (shoulder and first-order region); to compare treatment conditions, the time for 99% inactivation (t(99)) was also calculated. Each 10 degrees C increase in temperature caused a significant decrease in t(99) at every pH and ammonia concentration tested. At 50 degrees C, the effect of temperature was dominant, such that no effect of pH or ammonia was observed. At 30 and 40 degrees C, raising the pH from 7 to 12 decreased t(99), but at 20 degrees C no pH effect was seen over 80 d (very little inactivation occurred). At 20, 30, and 40 degrees C, the addition of ammonia dramatically decreased t(99). The effect of pH could not be completely separated from that of ammonia, as the unamended sludge samples contained 100-200mg/l indigenous ammonia. Because temperature, pH, and ammonia all contributed to Ascaris egg inactivation, it is essential that these parameters are measured and accounted for when assessing the effectiveness of alkaline stabilization. Furthermore, inactivation by ammonia could be exploited to improve the effectiveness of alkaline sludge stabilization.
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            Effects of sewage sludge organic and inorganic constituents on the properties of pyrolysis products

            W.D. Chanaka Udayanga, Andrei Veksha, Apostolos Giannis … (2019)
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              Survival of Ascaris eggs and hygienic quality of human excreta in Vietnamese composting latrines

              Peter Jensen, Pham Phuc, Flemming Konradsen … (2009)
              Background For centuries farmers in Vietnam have fertilized their fields with human excreta collected directly from their household latrines. Contrary to the official guideline of six-month storage, the households usually only store human excreta for three to four months before use, since this is the length of time that farmers have available to produce fertilizer between two cropping seasons. This study aimed to investigate whether hygienically safe fertilizer could be produced in the latrines within this period of time. Methods By inoculating eggs of the helminth parasite indicator Ascaris suum into heaps of human excreta, a die-off experiment was conducted under conditions similar to those commonly used in Vietnamese latrines. Half a ton of human excreta was divided into five heaps containing increasing concentrations of lime from 0% to 11%. Results Regardless of the starting pH, which varied from 9.4 to 11.6, a >99% die-off of eggs was obtained after 105 to 117 days of storage for all lime concentrations and 97% of eggs were non-viable after 88 days of storage. The most critical parameter found to determine the die-off process was the amount of ammonia (urine) in the excreta which indicates that longer storage periods are needed for parasite egg die-off if urine is separated from the excreta. Conclusion By inactivating >99% of all A. suum eggs in human excreta during a storage period of only three months the commonly used Double Vault Composting (DVC) latrine, in which urine is not separated, could therefore potentially provide a hygienic acceptable fertilizer.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Godwin Armstrong Duku
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Heliyon
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Heliyon
                Title: Heliyon
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2405-8440
                Publication date PMC-release: 23 September 2020
                Publication date Collection: September 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 September 2020
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 9
                Electronic Location Identifier: e04998
                Affiliations
                [a ]Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana
                [b ]Department of Civil Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana
                [c ]Department of Environmental Health and Sanitation Education, University of Education Winneba, Asante–Mampong Campus Ghana
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. godwinarmstrong@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: S2405-8440(20)31841-7 Publisher ID: e04998
                DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04998
                PMC ID: 7511817
                PubMed ID: 32995646
                SO-VID: dd0db04e-037c-4c1c-aca9-5e6bb5aebf79
                Copyright © © 2020 The Author(s)
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 5 June 2020
                Date revision received : 21 August 2020
                Date accepted : 17 September 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                Keywords: environmental engineering,environmental health,environmental management,environmental pollution,microbiology,public health,calcium carbide,lambda-cyhalothrin,faecal sludge,toilet additive,characterisation,mass loss,sanitisation,public toilet,biodegradation,helminth eggs
                Data availability:
                Keywords: environmental engineering, environmental health, environmental management, environmental pollution, microbiology, public health, calcium carbide, lambda-cyhalothrin, faecal sludge, toilet additive, characterisation, mass loss, sanitisation, public toilet, biodegradation, helminth eggs

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