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      International Journal of Nanomedicine (submit here)

      This international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal by Dove Medical Press focuses on the application of nanotechnology in diagnostics, therapeutics, and drug delivery systems throughout the biomedical field. Sign up for email alerts here.

      105,621 Monthly downloads/views I 7.033 Impact Factor I 10.9 CiteScore I 1.22 Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) I 1.032 Scimago Journal & Country Rank (SJR)

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      Relationship Between Structure And Antimicrobial Activity Of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: An Overview

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          Abstract

          The inappropriate use of antimicrobials has resulted in the selection of resistant strains. Thus, a great number of studies have focused on the investigation of new antimicrobial agents. The use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) to optimise the fight against microbial resistance has been receiving increased attention due to the non-specific activity of inorganic antimicrobial agents. The small particle size and the high surface area of ZnO NPs can enhance antimicrobial activity, causing an improvement in surface reactivity. In addition, surface modifiers covering ZnO NPs can play a role in mediating antimicrobial activity since the surface properties of nanomaterials alter their interactions with cells; this may interfere with the antimicrobial effect of ZnO NPs. The possibility of using surface modifiers with groups toxic to microorganisms can improve the antimicrobial activity of ZnO NPs. Understanding the exact toxicity mechanisms is crucial to elucidating the antimicrobial activity of ZnO NPs in bacteria and fungi. Therefore, this review aims to describe the mechanisms of ZnO NPs toxicity against fungi and bacteria and how the different structural and physical-chemical characteristics of ZnO NPs can interfere in their antimicrobial activity.

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          Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism

          Amna Sirelkhatim, Shahrom Mahmud, Azman Seeni … (2015)
          Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) has received significant interest worldwide particularly by the implementation of nanotechnology to synthesize particles in the nanometer region. Many microorganisms exist in the range from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers. ZnO-NPs exhibit attractive antibacterial properties due to increased specific surface area as the reduced particle size leading to enhanced particle surface reactivity. ZnO is a bio-safe material that possesses photo-oxidizing and photocatalysis impacts on chemical and biological species. This review covered ZnO-NPs antibacterial activity including testing methods, impact of UV illumination, ZnO particle properties (size, concentration, morphology, and defects), particle surface modification, and minimum inhibitory concentration. Particular emphasize was given to bactericidal and bacteriostatic mechanisms with focus on generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), OH− (hydroxyl radicals), and O2 −2 (peroxide). ROS has been a major factor for several mechanisms including cell wall damage due to ZnO-localized interaction, enhanced membrane permeability, internalization of NPs due to loss of proton motive force and uptake of toxic dissolved zinc ions. These have led to mitochondria weakness, intracellular outflow, and release in gene expression of oxidative stress which caused eventual cell growth inhibition and cell death. In some cases, enhanced antibacterial activity can be attributed to surface defects on ZnO abrasive surface texture. One functional application of the ZnO antibacterial bioactivity was discussed in food packaging industry where ZnO-NPs are used as an antibacterial agent toward foodborne diseases. Proper incorporation of ZnO-NPs into packaging materials can cause interaction with foodborne pathogens, thereby releasing NPs onto food surface where they come in contact with bad bacteria and cause the bacterial death and/or inhibition.
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            Size-dependent bacterial growth inhibition and mechanism of antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles.

            Krishna R. Raghupathi, Ranjit Koodali, Adhar C Manna (2011)
            The antibacterial properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles were investigated using both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. These studies demonstrate that ZnO nanoparticles have a wide range of antibacterial activities toward various microorganisms that are commonly found in environmental settings. The antibacterial activity of the ZnO nanoparticles was inversely proportional to the size of the nanoparticles in S. aureus. Surprisingly, the antibacterial activity did not require specific UV activation using artificial lamps, rather activation was achieved under ambient lighting conditions. Northern analyses of various reactive oxygen species (ROS) specific genes and confocal microscopy suggest that the antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles might involve both the production of reactive oxygen species and the accumulation of nanoparticles in the cytoplasm or on the outer membranes. Overall, the experimental results suggest that ZnO nanoparticles could be developed as antibacterial agents against a wide range of microorganisms to control and prevent the spreading and persistence of bacterial infections.
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              Mechanism of photogenerated reactive oxygen species and correlation with the antibacterial properties of engineered metal-oxide nanoparticles.

              Yang Li, Wen Wen Zhang, Junfeng Niu … (2012)
              Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the most important antibacterial mechanisms of engineered nanoparticles (NPs). To elucidate the ROS generation mechanisms, we investigated the ROS production kinetics of seven selected metal-oxide NPs and their bulk counterparts under UV irradiation (365 nm). The results show that different metal oxides had distinct photogenerated ROS kinetics. Particularly, TiO(2) nanoparticles and ZnO nanoparticles generated three types of ROS (superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, and singlet oxygen), whereas other metal oxides generated only one or two types or did not generate any type of ROS. Moreover, NPs yielded more ROS than their bulk counterparts likely due to larger surface areas of NPs providing more absorption sites for UV irradiation. The ROS generation mechanism was elucidated by comparing the electronic structures (i.e., band edge energy levels) of the metal oxides with the redox potentials of various ROS generation, which correctly interpreted the ROS generation of most metal oxides. To develop a quantitative relationship between oxidative stress and antibacterial activity of NPs, we examined the viability of E. coli cells in aqueous suspensions of NPs under UV irradiation, and a linear correlation was found between the average concentration of total ROS and the bacterial survival rates (R(2) = 0.84). Although some NPs (i.e., ZnO and CuO nanoparticles) released toxic ions that partially contributed to their antibacterial activity, this correlation quantitatively linked ROS production capability of NPs to their antibacterial activity as well as shed light on the applications of metal-oxide NPs as potential antibacterial agents.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Nanomedicine
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Nanomedicine
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJN
                Journal ID (pmc): intjnano
                Title: International Journal of Nanomedicine
                Publisher: Dove
                ISSN (Print): 1176-9114
                ISSN (Electronic): 1178-2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 02 December 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 14
                Pages: 9395-9410
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Araraquara, SP, Brazil
                [2 ]Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Universidade De Araraquara, UNIARA , Araraquara, SP, Brazil
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Leila Aparecida Chiavacci Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Rodovia Araraquara Jaú, km 1 – s/n Campos Ville, Araraquara, SP, BrazilTel +55 16 33016966Fax +55 16 33016900 Email leila@fcfar.unesp.br
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0610-0833
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8247-2092
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6352-1602
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7247-1598
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7959-0207
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7859-8127
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3128-3739
                Article
                Publisher ID: 216204
                DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S216204
                PMC ID: 6897062
                PubMed ID: 31819439
                SO-VID: d3c6b549-f478-4d44-a54b-3e74228e8fdb
                Copyright © © 2019 Lallo da Silva et al.
                License:

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                Date received : 18 May 2019
                Date accepted : 28 August 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 1, References: 101, Pages: 16
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: nanoparticles,zinc oxide,antimicrobial activity,toxicity mechanisms
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: nanoparticles, zinc oxide, antimicrobial activity, toxicity mechanisms

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