Dolor en neonatos

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Abstract

Tradicionalmente, el dolor en el niño se ha tratado de forma insuficiente. Se pensaba que la incapacidad de los niños para verbalizar sus sentimientos y expresar su dolor era sinónimo de incapacidad para experimentarlo y recordarlo. Los neonatos a menudo deben someterse a intervenciones invasivas, y en la actualidad existen datos suficientes para afirmar que el neonato es capaz de percibir el dolor. El tratamiento insuficiente del dolor conlleva un aumento de la morbimortalidad. En los últimos años se han producido numerosos avances en el cuidado y manejo del recién nacido. Existen diversas escalas de medida del dolor para la valoración de este en neonatos a término y pretérmino. Estas se basan en la observación y recogida de las alteraciones fisiológicas, cambios del comportamiento, o una combinación de ambos. En este artículo se hace un repaso por las más utilizadas. Hay una serie de medidas generales de vital importancia en el tratamiento del dolor en neonatos, como es evitar procedimientos dolorosos innecesarios, el cuidado del ambiente que le rodea, distintos tipos de soluciones orales dulces, la estimulación multisensorial, así como amamantar el pecho de su madre durante la intervención dolorosa. Sin embargo, hay ocasiones en las que estos recursos son insuficientes y hemos de recurrir a las medidas farmacológicas. Los fármacos más utilizados son los anestésicos locales, opioides y analgésicos antiinflamatorios no esteroideos. Hay situaciones estresantes y no dolorosas para el neonato, en las que el tratamiento adecuado es la sedación. Incluimos el hidrato de cloral, remifentanilo o midazolam.

Translated abstract

Pain in children has been traditionally inadequately managed. It was though that children inability to verbalize feelings and express pain was synonymous of their inability to feel and remember pain. Neonates frequently have to undergo invasive procedures and currently there are not enough data to state that the neonate is unable to perceive pain. Inadequate management of pain causes an increase of morbi-mortality. In the past years there has been many advances in the care and management of the neonate. There are several scales for measuring and assessing pain in the neonate at term and pre-term. These are based on the observation and recording of physiological disorders, behavioral changes or a combination of both. In this paper, we review the scales more frequently used. Several general measures are critically relevant for the management of pain in the neonate, such as avoidance of unnecessary painful procedures, control of environmental conditions, different types of sweet oral solutions, multisensitive stimulation and breastfeeding of the mother during the painful procedure. However, sometimes all these resources are not enough and we have to use pharmacological measures. The most commonly used drugs are local anesthetics, opiates and non-steroid anti-inflammatory analgesics. Some situations can be stressful and non-painful for the neonate and in this cases sedations is the appropriate treatment. We consider chloral hydrate, remifentanyl and midazolam.

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Cognitive and behavioral outcomes of school-aged children who were born preterm: a meta-analysis.

Adnan T Bhutta, Mario A. Cleves, Patrick H Casey … (2002)

The cognitive and behavioral outcomes of school-aged children who were born preterm have been reported extensively. Many of these studies have methodological flaws that preclude an accurate estimate of the long-term outcomes of prematurity. To estimate the effect of preterm birth on cognition and behavior in school-aged children. MEDLINE search (1980 to November 2001) for English-language articles, supplemented by a manual search of personal files maintained by 2 of the authors. We included case-control studies reporting cognitive and/or behavioral data of children who were born preterm and who were evaluated after their fifth birthday if the attrition rate was less than 30%. From the 227 reviewed studies, cognitive data from 15 studies and behavioral data from 16 studies were selected. Data on population demographics, study characteristics, and cognitive and behavioral outcomes were extracted from each study, entered in a customized database, and reviewed twice to minimize error. Differences between the mean cognitive scores of cases and controls were pooled. Homogeneity across studies was formally tested using a general variance-based method and graphically using Galbraith plots. Linear meta-analysis regression models were fitted to explore the impact of birth weight and gestational age on cognitive outcomes. Study-specific relative risks (RRs) were calculated for the incidence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and pooled. Quality assessment of the studies was performed based on a 10-point scale. Publication bias was examined using Begg modified funnel plots and formally tested using the Egger weighted-linear regression method. Among 1556 cases and 1720 controls, controls had significantly higher cognitive scores compared with children who were born preterm (weighted mean difference, 10.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.2-12.5). The mean cognitive scores of preterm-born cases and term-born controls were directly proportional to their birth weight (R(2) = 0.51; P<.001) and gestational age (R(2) = 0.49; P<.001). Age at evaluation had no significant correlation with mean difference in cognitive scores (R(2) = 0.12; P =.20). Preterm-born children showed increases in externalizing and internalizing behaviors in 81% of studies and had more than twice the RR for developing ADHD (pooled RR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.85-3.78). No differences were noted in cognition and behaviors based on the quality of the study. Children who were born preterm are at risk for reduced cognitive test scores and their immaturity at birth is directly proportional to the mean cognitive scores at school age. Preterm-born children also show an increased incidence of ADHD and other behaviors.