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      Prevención del dolor en recién nacidos de término: estudio aleatorizado sobre tres métodos Translated title: Pain prevention in term neonates: randomised trial for three methods

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          Abstract

          Introducción. Por norma legal, a todos los recién nacidos se les debe extraer sangre durante los primeros días de vida, para la pesquisa neonatal de hipotiroidismo congénito y fenilcetonuria. El procedimiento de extracción supone cierto dolor para el neonato y aún no existe un método sencillo y eficaz para disminuirlo. Objetivos. Evaluar si la administración de glucosa, paracetamol o EMLA, disminuyen individualmente el dolor en recién nacidos, provocado por punción de talón, en un ambiente ambulatorio. Material y métodos. Estudio prospectivo y aleatorizado, a doble ciego, en el cual setenta y seis recién nacidos de término y sanos fueron asignados a recibir placebo, glucosa por vía oral, EMLA en talón o paracetamol por vía oral. Se realizó punción de talón para extraer sangre y dos observadores independientes midieron el dolor con dos escalas (NIPS y PIPP). La variable de resultado fue la cantidad de niños con valores de dolor por debajo de las cifras consideradas dolor moderado en cada grupo. Resultados. NIPS < 4: placebo (9/19= 47%), glucosa (16/19= 84%), paracetamol (8/19= 42%) y EMLA (12/19=63%). PIPP < 8: placebo (9/19= 47%), glucosa (12/19= 63%), paracetamol (5/19= 26%) y EMLA (8/19= 42%). Con el uso de glucosa oral, encontramos: RAR: 0,37 (IC 95%: 0,09-0,64), RRR: 44% (IC 95%: 6-67), NNT: 2,7(IC95% 1,5-11). Conclusiones. Con el uso de la solución glucosada por vía oral se obtuvieron los mejores resultados. Sólo con una de las escalas utilizadas fueron estadísticamente significativos. Con paracetamol y EMLA, no observamos disminución del dolor. Deberán considerarse otros métodos complementarios y combinados, junto con la glucosa, para aliviar esta experiencia dolorosa a miles de niños diariamente.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction. Every newborn infant is screened for hypothyroidism and phenilketonuria by blood sampling, during the first week of life, but there is not a simple and efficient method to reduce pain during the procedure. Objectives. Prospective randomised trial, to assess if the administration of oral glucose, paracetamol or EMLA, given individually, can reduce the pain caused in newborns by heel prick, in an outpatient setting. Methods. Double-blind study in which seventy six healthy newborns at term were randomly assigned to receive placebo, oral glucose, EMLA in the heel, or oral paracetamol. Heel prick was performed to get a blood sample, and pain was measured by two independent observers, using two scales (NIPS and PIPP). Results. NIPS <4: placebo (9/19= 47%), glucose (16/19= 84%), paracetamol (8/19= 42%) and EMLA (12/19= 63%); PIPP <8: placebo (9/19= 47%), oral glucose (12/19= 63%), paracetamol (5/19= 26%) and EMLA (8/19= 42%). With the use of oral glucose we found RAR: 0.37 (IC 95% 0.09-0.64), RRR: 44% (IC 95% 6-67%), NNT: 2.7 (IC 95% 1.5-11). Conclusions. The best results were obtained with the use of oral glucose, being statistically significant with only one of the scales. The administration of paracetamol or EMLA did not reduce pain. Other complementary and/or combined methods, added to oral glucose, should be considered daily to diminish this painful experience in thousands of children.

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          New perspectives on the definition of pain.

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            Analgesic effect of breast feeding in term neonates: randomised controlled trial.

            To investigate whether breast feeding is effective for pain relief during venepuncture in term neonates and compare any effect with that of oral glucose combined with a pacifier. Randomised controlled trial. 180 term newborn infants undergoing venepuncture; 45 in each group. During venepuncture infants were either breast fed (group 1), held in their mother's arms without breast feeding (group 2), given 1 ml of sterile water as placebo (group 3), or given 1 ml of 30% glucose followed by pacifier (group 4). Video recordings of the procedure were assessed by two observers blinded to the purpose of the study. Pain related behaviours evaluated with two acute pain rating scales: the Douleur Aiguë Nouveau-né scale (range 0 to 10) and the premature infant pain profile scale (range 0 to 18). Median pain scores (interquartile range) for breast feeding, held in mother's arms, placebo, and 30% glucose plus pacifier groups were 1 (0-3), 10 (8.5-10), 10 (7.5-10), and 3 (0-5) with the Douleur Aiguë Nouveau-né scale and 4.5 (2.25-8), 13 (10.5-15), 12 (9-13), and 4 (1-6) with the premature infant pain profile scale. Analysis of variance showed significantly different median pain scores (P<0.0001) among the groups. There were significant reductions in both scores for the breast feeding and glucose plus pacifier groups compared with the other two groups (P<0.0001, two tailed Mann-Whitney U tests between groups). The difference in Douleur Aiguë Nouveau-né scores between breast feeding and glucose plus pacifier groups was not significant (P=0.16). Breast feeding effectively reduces response to pain during minor invasive procedure in term neonates.
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              Pain reduction at venipuncture in newborns: oral glucose compared with local anesthetic cream.

              A number of studies have shown that orally administered sweet-tasting solutions reduce signs of pain during painful procedures. The local anesthetic cream EMLA has recently been shown to be safe for use in neonates. This study compared the pain-reducing effect of orally administered glucose with that of EMLA cream during venipuncture in newborns. Randomized, controlled, double-blind study including 201 newborns undergoing venipuncture for clinical purposes. Ninety-nine of the newborns received EMLA on the skin and orally administered placebo (sterile water), and 102 received glucose 30% orally and placebo (Unguentum Merck) on the skin. Symptoms associated with pain at venipuncture were measured with the Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) scale (also validated for full-term infants). Heart rate and crying time were recorded. There were no differences in background variables between the 2 groups. The results shows that the PIPP scores were significantly lower in the glucose group (mean: 4.6) compared with the EMLA group (mean: 5.7). The duration of crying in the first 3 minutes was significantly lower in the glucose group (median: 1 second) than in the EMLA group (median: 18 seconds). There were significantly fewer patients in the glucose group who were scored having pain (defined as PIPP score above 6); 19.3% compared with 41.7% in the EMLA group. The changes in heart rate were similar in both groups. We found that glucose is effective in reducing symptoms associated with pain from venipuncture in newborns and seems to be better than the local anesthetic cream EMLA.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbp
                Revista de la Sociedad Boliviana de Pediatría
                Rev. bol. ped.
                Sociedad Boliviana de Pediatría (La Paz, , Bolivia )
                1024-0675
                2010
                : 49
                : 2
                : 108-113
                Affiliations
                [01] Córdoba orgnameSanatorio Allende orgdiv1Servicio de Pediatría Argentina bcalvo@ 123456sanatorioallende.com
                Article
                S1024-06752010000200006
                9116d6d7-cf95-442e-ae4c-8e67b9f26e1f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 15 August 2008
                : 11 March 2008
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 17, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Bolivia


                recién nacidos,analgesia,punción de talón,ambiente ambulatorio,neonate,heel punction,outpatient setting

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