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      Covid-19 face masks: A potential source of microplastic fibers in the environment

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          Highlights

          • •

            Disposable face masks (single use) are used to slow down the transmission rate of Covid-19 from person to person.

          • •

            Unprecedented rise in the global production of face masks present a new environmental challenge due to Covid-19 pandemic.

          • •

            Polymer-based face masks waste management issues are increasing.

          • •

            Covid-19 is playing a key role in microplastic pollution.

          • •

            Research and community awareness will be successful in making the public mindful of this problem.

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          Most cited references11

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          Ingested microscopic plastic translocates to the circulatory system of the mussel, Mytilus edulis (L).

          Mark A Oakley Browne, Awantha Dissanayake, Tamara S Galloway … (2008)
          Plastics debris is accumulating in the environment and is fragmenting into smaller pieces; as it does, the potential for ingestion by animals increases. The consequences of macroplastic debris for wildlife are well documented, however the impacts of microplastic (< 1 mm) are poorly understood. The mussel, Mytilus edulis, was used to investigate ingestion, translocation, and accumulation of this debris. Initial experiments showed that upon ingestion, microplastic accumulated in the gut. Mussels were subsequently exposed to treatments containing seawater and microplastic (3.0 or 9.6 microm). After transfer to clean conditions, microplastic was tracked in the hemolymph. Particles translocated from the gut to the circulatory system within 3 days and persisted for over 48 days. Abundance of microplastic was greatest after 12 days and declined thereafter. Smaller particles were more abundant than larger particles and our data indicate as plastic fragments into smaller particles, the potential for accumulation in the tissues of an organism increases. The short-term pulse exposure used here did not result in significant biological effects. However, plastics are exceedingly durable and so further work using a wider range of organisms, polymers, and periods of exposure will be required to establish the biological consequences of this debris.
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            Isolation of microplastics in biota-rich seawater samples and marine organisms

            Matthew Cole, Hannah Webb, Pennie K. Lindeque … (2014)
            Microplastic litter is a pervasive pollutant present in aquatic systems across the globe. A range of marine organisms have the capacity to ingest microplastics, resulting in adverse health effects. Developing methods to accurately quantify microplastics in productive marine waters, and those internalized by marine organisms, is of growing importance. Here we investigate the efficacy of using acid, alkaline and enzymatic digestion techniques in mineralizing biological material from marine surface trawls to reveal any microplastics present. Our optimized enzymatic protocol can digest >97% (by weight) of the material present in plankton-rich seawater samples without destroying any microplastic debris present. In applying the method to replicate marine samples from the western English Channel, we identified 0.27 microplastics m−3. The protocol was further used to extract microplastics ingested by marine zooplankton under laboratory conditions. Our findings illustrate that enzymatic digestion can aid the detection of microplastic debris within seawater samples and marine biota.
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              Assessment of microplastics in freshwater systems: A review

              Chaoran Li, Rosa Busquets, Luiza C. Campos (2020)
              Article 0 comments Cited 206 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Oluniyi O. Fadare
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Total Environ
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci. Total Environ
                Title: The Science of the Total Environment
                Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
                ISSN (Print): 0048-9697
                ISSN (Electronic): 1879-1026
                Publication date PMC-release: 16 June 2020
                Publication date (Print): 1 October 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 June 2020
                Volume: 737
                Page: 140279
                Affiliations
                [a ]State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
                [b ]College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
                [c ]Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. fadare@ 123456rcees.ac.cn
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0048-9697(20)33800-6 Publisher ID: 140279
                DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140279
                PMC ID: 7297173
                PubMed ID: 32563114
                SO-VID: c962be88-756b-45cc-be8a-0182f34bb506
                Copyright © © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 8 May 2020
                Date revision received : 14 June 2020
                Date accepted : 15 June 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: General environmental science
                Keywords: covid-19,face masks: plastic pollution,microplastics,microfibers,single-use plastics
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: General environmental science
                Keywords: covid-19, face masks: plastic pollution, microplastics, microfibers, single-use plastics

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