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      Complicated grief and post-traumatic stress symptom profiles in bereaved earthquake survivors: a latent class analysis Translated title: Los perfiles de síntomas del duelo complicado y de estrés postraumático en sobrevivientes de terremoto que perdieron a un ser querido: Un análisis de clases latentes

      research-article
      a , a , b , c , c , d
      European Journal of Psychotraumatology
      Taylor & Francis
      Prolonged grief disorder, persistent complex bereavement disorder, bereavement, trauma, Wenchuan earthquake, Trastorno de duelo prolongado, trastorno de duelo complejo persistente, duelo, trauma, terremoto de Wenchuan, • Earthquakes elicit post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complicated grief (CG), but research on CG is still limited.• We performed the first latent class analysis on PTSD and CG among bereaved earthquake survivors.• The analysis demonstrated a five-class solution, which includes a CG class and a resilient class• The results suggest that disaster mental health services should screen for CG and offer CG-specific therapies.

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: Studies on mental health following disasters have primarily focused on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), yet severe, enduring, and disabling grief [i.e. complicated grief (CG)] also appears relevant.

          Objective: The present study examines symptom profiles of PTSD and CG among bereaved Sichuan earthquake survivors 1 year after the disaster.

          Method: Self-report measures of demographic, disaster, and loss-related characteristics and symptoms of PTSD and CG were administered among 803 survivors (63% women; mean age = 46.7 years). Latent class analysis (LCA) was performed to identify subgroups of people with different PTSD and CG symptom profiles.

          Results: The LCA demonstrated that a five-class solution yielded the best fit, consisting of a CG class with low PTSD and high CG ( N = 208), a combined class with high PTSD and high CG ( N = 205), a class with low PTSD and partial CG ( N = 145), a class with partial PTSD and CG ( N = 136), and a resilient class with low PTSD and CG ( N = 108). Being a woman (vs man), losing a child or spouse (vs other), being injured (vs non-injured), and/or having a missing family member (vs non-missing) predicted membership of the CG class compared to other classes.

          Conclusions: CG appears to be a unique consequence of disasters involving many casualties. Disaster survivors should be screened for CG and provided with appropriate psychological treatment.

           

          Antecedentes: Los estudios en la salud mental luego de desastres se ha centrado principalmente en el trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT), pero el duelo discapacitante y permanente (por ejemplo, duelo complicado, DC) también pareciera ser importante.

          Objetivo: El presente estudio examina los perfiles de síntomas de TEPT y DC entre los sobrevivientes del terremoto de Sichuan que perdieron a un ser querido, un año después del desastre.

          Método: A los 803 sobrevivientes (63% mujeres, edad media = 46,7 años), se les administraron medidas de auto-reporte sobre las características demográficas, del desastre, y relacionadas a la pérdida como también síntomas de TEPT y DC. El análisis de clases latentes (LCA en sus siglas en inglés) fue llevado a cabo para identificar subgrupos de personas con diferentes perfiles de TEPT y DC.

          Resultados: El LCA demostró que una solución de cinco clases presentó el mejor ajuste, consistiendo de una clase de DC con bajo TEPT y alto DC (N = 208), una clase combinada de alto TEPT y alto DC (N = 205), una clase de bajo TEPT y DC parcial (N = 145), una clase con TEPT y DC parciales (N = 136), y una clase resiliente con bajo TEPT y DC (N = 108). Ser mujer (vs. hombre), perder un hijo/a o cónyuge (vs. otro), estar lesionado/a (vs. no lesionado/a), y/o tener a un familiar perdido (vs. no perdido) predijeron la pertenencia a la clase del DC comparado a las otras clases.

          Conclusiones: El DC surge como una consecuencia única de los desastres involucrando a muchas víctimas. Los sobrevivientes de desastres deberían ser pesquisados por DC y tener acceso a tratamiento psicológico adecuado.

          四川地震丧亲者的复杂哀伤与创伤后应激症状剖面图:来自潜在类别分析的结果

          背景:有关灾难的研究通常都关注创伤后应激障碍(PTSD),然而持续而强烈的哀伤(即,复杂哀伤,CG)也同样值得关注。

          目的:本研究探索四川地震一年以后,失去亲人的灾民们的PTSD 和CG症状情况。

          方法:共有803名丧亲的灾民(63%是女性,平均年龄47岁)完成了自我报告的问卷,内容包括人口学变量,与灾难和丧失有关的情况,以及测量PTSD与CG的问卷。用潜分类分析(LCA)来检测被试的PTSD与CG 症状分组情况。

          结果:分析结果表明被试的最佳分类是5组,包括CG组:低PTSD和高CG ( N = 208),混合组:高PTSD及高CG ( N = 205),一组低PTSD和部分CG( N =145),一组部分PTSD和CG ( N = 136),以及复原组:低PTSD低CG( N = 108)。女性(相比男性),失去孩子或配偶(相比失去其他人),有家庭成员失踪(相比无失踪),有家庭成员失踪(相比无失踪)能预测CG组(相对于其他组而言)。

          结论:在有人员伤亡的灾难中,CG是单独呈现的一组症状。灾难幸存者的CG情况应该被筛查并给予相应的支持。

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          Most cited references40

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          Latent Class Modeling with Covariates: Two Improved Three-Step Approaches

          J. Vermunt (2010)
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            Treatment of complicated grief: a randomized controlled trial.

            Complicated grief is a debilitating disorder associated with important negative health consequences, but the results of existing treatments for it have been disappointing. To compare the efficacy of a novel approach, complicated grief treatment, with a standard psychotherapy (interpersonal psychotherapy). Two-cell, prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial, stratified by manner of death of loved one and treatment site. A university-based psychiatric research clinic as well as a satellite clinic in a low-income African American community between April 2001 and April 2004. A total of 83 women and 12 men aged 18 to 85 years recruited through professional referral, self-referral, and media announcements who met criteria for complicated grief. Participants were randomly assigned to receive interpersonal psychotherapy (n = 46) or complicated grief treatment (n = 49); both were administered in 16 sessions during an average interval of 19 weeks per participant. Treatment response, defined either as independent evaluator-rated Clinical Global Improvement score of 1 or 2 or as time to a 20-point or better improvement in the self-reported Inventory of Complicated Grief. Both treatments produced improvement in complicated grief symptoms. The response rate was greater for complicated grief treatment (51%) than for interpersonal psychotherapy (28%; P = .02) and time to response was faster for complicated grief treatment (P = .02). The number needed to treat was 4.3. Complicated grief treatment is an improved treatment over interpersonal psychotherapy, showing higher response rates and faster time to response.
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              The GRoLTS-Checklist: Guidelines for Reporting on Latent Trajectory Studies

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                ZEPT
                zept20
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8066
                2019
                15 January 2019
                : 10
                : 1
                : 1558707
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen , Groningen, The Netherlands
                [b ]Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
                [c ]Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, China
                [d ]Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China , Beijing, China
                Author notes
                CONTACT Jie Li lijie2013@ 123456ruc.edu.cn Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China , 1007, Huixian Building, Haidian District, Beijing100872, China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6109-2274
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1329-6413
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4126-7815
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4331-5427
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5058-9138
                Article
                1558707
                10.1080/20008198.2018.1558707
                6338279
                c27b99df-8cfc-484b-8f9e-b890b5cdfee3
                © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 26 July 2018
                : 28 November 2018
                : 01 December 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 5, References: 53, Pages: 13
                Categories
                Basic Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                prolonged grief disorder,persistent complex bereavement disorder,bereavement,trauma,wenchuan earthquake,trastorno de duelo prolongado,trastorno de duelo complejo persistente,duelo,terremoto de wenchuan,• earthquakes elicit post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) and complicated grief (cg), but research on cg is still limited.• we performed the first latent class analysis on ptsd and cg among bereaved earthquake survivors.• the analysis demonstrated a five-class solution, which includes a cg class and a resilient class• the results suggest that disaster mental health services should screen for cg and offer cg-specific therapies.

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