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      Does Cannabis Extract Obtained From Cannabis Flowers With Maximum Allowed Residual Level of Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin a Have an Impact on Human Safety and Health?

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          Abstract

          Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the cannabis extract obtained from cannabis flowers that contain the maximum allowed level of mycotoxins affects human safety and health. For that purpose, a novel liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A (OchA) in cannabis extracts to demonstrate that this analytical method is suitable for the intended experimental design.

          Methods: Experimental design was done by adding maximum allowed concentration of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) and OchA according to the European Pharmacopeia related to cannabis flowers. The concentration of aflatoxins and OchA was determined using the same LC/MS/MS analytical method in the starting material (dry flower) before preparing the spiked sample and after obtaining decarboxylated extract with ethanol 96%.

          Results: The results obtained indicate that aflatoxins and OchA, primarily added to the cannabis dried flowers, were also determined into the obtained final extract in amounts much higher (m/m) than in the starting plant material.

          Conclusion: With this experiment, we have shown that mycotoxins, especially aflatoxins, which are extremely toxic secondary metabolites, can reach critical values in cannabis extracts obtained from dry cannabis flowers with the maximum allowed quantity of mycotoxins. This can pose a great risk to consumers and their health especially to those with compromised immune systems.

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          Most cited references27

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          History of cannabis and its preparations in saga, science, and sobriquet.

          Cannabis sativa L. is possibly one of the oldest plants cultivated by man, but has remained a source of controversy throughout its history. Whether pariah or panacea, this most versatile botanical has provided a mirror to medicine and has pointed the way in the last two decades toward a host of medical challenges from analgesia to weight loss through the discovery of its myriad biochemical attributes and the endocannabinoid system wherein many of its components operate. This study surveys the history of cannabis, its genetics and preparations. A review of cannabis usage in Ancient Egypt will serve as an archetype, while examining first mentions from various Old World cultures and their pertinence for contemporary scientific investigation. Cannabis historians of the past have provided promising clues to potential treatments for a wide array of currently puzzling medical syndromes including chronic pain, spasticity, cancer, seizure disorders, nausea, anorexia, and infectious disease that remain challenges for 21st century medicine. Information gleaned from the history of cannabis administration in its various forms may provide useful points of departure for research into novel delivery techniques and standardization of cannabis-based medicines that will allow their prescription for treatment of these intractable medical conditions.
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            Rapid and sensitive detection of mycotoxins by advanced and emerging analytical methods: A review

            Abstract Quantification of mycotoxins in foodstuffs is extremely difficult as a limited amount of toxins are known to be presented in the food samples. Mycotoxins are secondary toxic metabolites, made primarily by fungal species, contaminating feeds and foods. Due to the presence in globally used grains, it is an unpreventable problem that causes various acute and chronic impacts on human and animal health. Over the previous few years, however, progress has been made in mycotoxin analysis studies. Easier techniques of sample cleanup and advanced chromatographic approaches have been developed, primarily high‐performance liquid chromatography. Few extremely sophisticated and adaptable tools such as high‐resolution mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–tandem MS/MS have become more important. In addition, Immunoassay, Advanced quantitative techniques are now globally accepted for mycotoxin analysis. Thus, this review summarizes these traditional and highly advance methods and their characteristics for evaluating mycotoxins.
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              Aflatoxin, fumonisin, ochratoxin, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol biomarkers in human biological fluids: A systematic literature review, 2001–2018

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1445127/overview
                Journal
                Front Med (Lausanne)
                Front Med (Lausanne)
                Front. Med.
                Frontiers in Medicine
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                2296-858X
                15 November 2021
                2021
                : 8
                : 759856
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Faculty of Pharmacy, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius , Skopje, North Macedonia
                [2] 2NYSK Holdings, Company for Growing, Extraction and Producing of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms of Medical Cannabis , Skopje, North Macedonia
                [3] 3Diapharm GmbH & Co. KG , Münster, Germany
                [4] 4Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Goce Delcev , Shtip, North Macedonia
                [5] 5Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius , Skopje, North Macedonia
                Author notes

                Edited by: Matteo Bolcato, University of Padua, Italy

                Reviewed by: Guido Pelletti, University of Bologna, Italy; Matteo Moretti, University of Pavia, Italy

                *Correspondence: Tijana Serafimovska serafimovskatijana@ 123456gmail.com

                This article was submitted to Family Medicine and Primary Care, a section of the journal Frontiers in Medicine

                Article
                10.3389/fmed.2021.759856
                8634097
                bc52503d-ad09-493d-b2d8-172d49a79ec8
                Copyright © 2021 Serafimovska, Stefanovski, Erler, Keskovski, Stefkov, Mitevska, Darkovska Serafimovska, Balkanov and Tonic Ribarska.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 17 August 2021
                : 24 September 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 7, Equations: 0, References: 29, Pages: 12, Words: 5508
                Categories
                Medicine
                Original Research

                mycotoxins,aflatoxins,ochratoxin a,determination liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (lc/ms/ms),cannabis extracts

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