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      Ipsi- and contralateral frontal cortex oxygenation during handgrip task does not follow decrease on maximal force output

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          Abstract

          The effect of fatiguing exercise on the ipsi- and contralateral frontal cortex has not been fully clarified. The purpose of this study was to investigate by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) the frontal cortex oxygenation response to a prolonged fatiguing repetitive handgrip exercise performed at maximal voluntary contraction. It was found a significant oxyhemoglobin concentration ([HbO 2]) increase ( p < 0.05), accompanied by a smaller and delayed deoxyhemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) decrease ( p < 0.05), in both hemispheres. Then, it was indicated higher delayed oxygenation in ipsilateral oxygenation compared to contralateral oxygenation. These results provide further evidence that the complemental interaction between the ipsilateral and contralateral cortex during the fatiguing maximal exercise.

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          Interpretation of near-infrared spectroscopy signals: a study with a newly developed perfused rat brain model.

          Y Hoshi, N. Kobayashi, M Tamura (2001)
          Using a newly developed perfused rat brain model, we examined direct effects of each change in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen metabolic rate on cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation to interpret near-infrared spectroscopy signals. Changes in CBF and total hemoglobin (tHb) were in parallel, although tHb showed no change when changes in CBF were small (< or =10%). Increasing CBF caused an increase in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO(2)) and a decrease in deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxy-Hb). Decreasing CBF was accompanied by a decrease in HbO(2), whereas changes in direction of deoxy-Hb were various. Cerebral blood congestion caused increases in HbO(2), deoxy-Hb, and tHb. Administration of pentylenetetrazole without increasing the flow rate caused increases in HbO(2) and tHb with a decrease in deoxy-Hb. There were no significant differences in venous oxygen saturation before vs. during seizure. These results suggest that, in activation studies with near-infrared spectroscopy, HbO(2) is the most sensitive indicator of changes in CBF, and the direction of changes in deoxy-Hb is determined by the degree of changes in venous blood oxygenation and volume.
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            Enhanced performance by a hybrid NIRS-EEG brain computer interface.

            Arno Villringer, Klaus-Robert Müller, Gabriel Curio … (2012)
            Noninvasive Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI) have been promoted to be used for neuroprosthetics. However, reports on applications with electroencephalography (EEG) show a demand for a better accuracy and stability. Here we investigate whether near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can be used to enhance the EEG approach. In our study both methods were applied simultaneously in a real-time Sensory Motor Rhythm (SMR)-based BCI paradigm, involving executed movements as well as motor imagery. We tested how the classification of NIRS data can complement ongoing real-time EEG classification. Our results show that simultaneous measurements of NIRS and EEG can significantly improve the classification accuracy of motor imagery in over 90% of considered subjects and increases performance by 5% on average (p<0:01). However, the long time delay of the hemodynamic response may hinder an overall increase of bit-rates. Furthermore we find that EEG and NIRS complement each other in terms of information content and are thus a viable multimodal imaging technique, suitable for BCI. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Hyperthermia and central fatigue during prolonged exercise in humans.

              Jakob Nielsen, L Nybo (2001)
              The present study investigated the effects of hyperthermia on the contributions of central and peripheral factors to the development of neuromuscular fatigue. Fourteen men exercised at 60% maximal oxygen consumption on a cycle ergometer in hot (40 degrees C; hyperthermia) and thermoneutral (18 degrees C; control) environments. In hyperthermia, the core temperature increased throughout the exercise period and reached a peak value of 40.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C (mean +/- SE) at exhaustion after 50 +/- 3 min of exercise. In control, core temperature stabilized at approximately 38.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C, and exercise was maintained for 1 h without exhausting the subjects. Immediately after the cycle trials, subjects performed 2 min of sustained maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) either with the exercised legs (knee extension) or with a "nonexercised" muscle group (handgrip). The degree of voluntary activation during sustained maximal knee extensions was assessed by superimposing electrical stimulation (EL) to nervus femoralis. Voluntary knee extensor force was similar during the first 5 s of contraction in hyperthermia and control. Thereafter, force declined in both trials, but the reduction in maximal voluntary force was more pronounced in the hyperthermic trial, and, from 30 to 120 s, the force was significantly lower in hyperthermia compared with control. Calculation of the voluntary activation percentage (MVC/MVC + EL) revealed that the degree of central activation was significantly lower in hyperthermia (54 +/- 7%) compared with control (82 +/- 6%). In contrast, total force of the knee extensors (MVC + force from EL) was not different in the two trials. Force development during handgrip contraction followed the same pattern of response as was observed for the knee extensors. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that the ability to generate force during a prolonged MVC is attenuated with hyperthermia, and the impaired performance is associated with a reduction in the voluntary activation percentage.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Kenichi Shibuya: shibuya@nuhw.ac.jp
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Physiol Anthropol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Physiol Anthropol
                Title: Journal of Physiological Anthropology
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Print): 1880-6791
                ISSN (Electronic): 1880-6805
                Publication date (Electronic): 4 November 2015
                Publication date PMC-release: 4 November 2015
                Publication date Collection: 2015
                Volume: 34
                Electronic Location Identifier: 37
                Affiliations
                [ ]Faculty of Business Administration, Osaka University of Commerce, 4-1-10 Mikuriyasakae-machi, 577-8505 Higashi-Osaka, Japan
                [ ]Department of Health and Nutrition, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-chi, 950-3198 Niigata, Kita-Ku Japan
                Article
                Publisher ID: 77
                DOI: 10.1186/s40101-015-0077-z
                PMC ID: 4632657
                PubMed ID: 26536889
                SO-VID: ad38b7dd-ace8-4f58-9088-a33f1358ab58
                Copyright © © Kuboyama and Shibuya. 2015
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 14 July 2015
                Date accepted : 15 October 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2015

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Anthropology
                Keywords: contralateral frontal cortex,ipsilateral cortex,maximal exercise,nirs
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Anthropology
                Keywords: contralateral frontal cortex, ipsilateral cortex, maximal exercise, nirs

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