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      ORIGIN AND PREVALENCE OF HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS TYPE 1 (HTLV-1) AND TYPE 2 (HTLV-2) AMONG INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS IN THE AMERICAS Translated title: Origem e prevalência do vírus linfotrópico de células T humanas em populações indígenas das Américas

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          Abstract

          Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is found in indigenous peoples of the Pacific Islands and the Americas, whereas type 2 (HTLV-2) is widely distributed among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, where it appears to be more prevalent than HTLV-1, and in some tribes of Central Africa. HTLV-2 is considered ancestral in the Americas and is transmitted to the general population and injection drug users from the indigenous population. In the Americas, HTLV-1 has more than one origin, being brought by immigrants in the Paleolithic period through the Bering Strait, through slave trade during the colonial period, and through Japanese immigration from the early 20 th century, whereas HTLV-2 was only brought by immigrants through the Bering Strait. The endemicity of HTLV-2 among the indigenous people of Brazil makes the Brazilian Amazon the largest endemic area in the world for its occurrence. A review of HTLV-1 in all Brazilian tribes supports the African origin of HTLV-1 in Brazil. The risk of hyperendemicity in these epidemiologically closed populations and transmission to other populations reinforces the importance of public health interventions for HTLV control, including the recognition of the infection among reportable diseases and events.

          Translated abstract

          O vírus linfotrópico de células T humanas do tipo 1 (HTLV-1) é encontrado em populações indígenas de países do Pacífico e Américas enquanto o tipo 2 (HTLV-2) é amplamente distribuído entre as populações indígenas das Américas, nas quais aparenta ser mais prevalente que o HTLV-1, e em algumas tribos da África Central, sendo considerado ancestral nas Américas e transmitido à população geral e de usuários de drogas injetáveis a partir da população indígena. No continente americano o HTLV-1 teria mais de uma origem, sendo trazido na era paleolítica pelos imigrantes através do estreito de Bering, através do tráfico de escravos no período colonial e com a imigração japonesa a partir do início do século XX, enquanto para o HTLV-2 teria sido trazido pelos imigrantes através do estreito de Bering. A endemicidade do HTLV-2 entre os indígenas do Brasil tornam a região amazônica brasileira a maior área endêmica do mundo para sua ocorrência e a revisão da infecção pelo HTLV-1 em todas as tribos brasileiras apoiam a origem africana do HTLV-1 no Brasil. O risco de hiperendemicidade nestas populações epidemiologicamente fechadas e de transmissão a outras populações reforçam a importância de medidas no âmbito da saúde pública para seu controle, incluindo o reconhecimento da infecção entre os agravos e eventos de notificação compulsória.

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          Mapping human genetic diversity in Asia.

          Asia harbors substantial cultural and linguistic diversity, but the geographic structure of genetic variation across the continent remains enigmatic. Here we report a large-scale survey of autosomal variation from a broad geographic sample of Asian human populations. Our results show that genetic ancestry is strongly correlated with linguistic affiliations as well as geography. Most populations show relatedness within ethnic/linguistic groups, despite prevalent gene flow among populations. More than 90% of East Asian (EA) haplotypes could be found in either Southeast Asian (SEA) or Central-South Asian (CSA) populations and show clinal structure with haplotype diversity decreasing from south to north. Furthermore, 50% of EA haplotypes were found in SEA only and 5% were found in CSA only, indicating that SEA was a major geographic source of EA populations.
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            Indigenous health in Latin America and the Caribbean.

            This review is the second in a series on Indigenous health, covering different regions and issues. We look briefly at the current state of Indigenous health in Latin America and the Caribbean, a region with over 400 different indigenous groups and a total population of 45 to 48 million people. We describe the complex history and current reality of Indigenous peoples' situation within the American continent. We discuss the importance of Indigenous health systems and medicines, and look at changing political environments in the region. The paper concludes with a discussion of the changing political and legislative environment in Latin American countries.
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              Discovery of a new human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-3) in Central Africa

              Human T-cell Leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and type 2 (HTLV-2) are pathogenic retroviruses that infect humans and cause severe hematological and neurological diseases. Both viruses have simian counterparts (STLV-1 and STLV-2). STLV-3 belongs to a third group of lymphotropic viruses which infect numerous African monkeys species. Among 240 Cameroonian plasma tested for the presence of HTLV-1 and/or HTLV-2 antibodies, 48 scored positive by immunofluorescence. Among those, 27 had indeterminate western-blot pattern. PCR amplification of pol and tax regions, using HTLV-1, -2 and STLV-3 highly conserved primers, demonstrated the presence of a new human retrovirus in one DNA sample. tax (180 bp) and pol (318 bp) phylogenetic analyses demonstrated the strong relationships between the novel human strain (Pyl43) and STLV-3 isolates from Cameroon. The virus, that we tentatively named HTLV-3, originated from a 62 years old Bakola Pygmy living in a remote settlement in the rain forest of Southern Cameroon. The plasma was reactive on MT2 cells but was negative on C19 cells. The HTLV 2.4 western-blot exhibited a strong reactivity to p19 and a faint one to MTA-1. On the INNO-LIA strip, it reacted faintly with the generic p19 (I/II), but strongly to the generic gp46 (I/II) and to the specific HTLV-2 gp46. The molecular relationships between Pyl43 and STLV-3 are thus not paralleled by the serological results, as most of the STLV-3 infected monkeys have an "HTLV-2 like" WB pattern. In the context of the multiple interspecies transmissions which occurred in the past, and led to the present-day distribution of the PTLV-1, it is thus very tempting to speculate that this newly discovered human retrovirus HTLV-3 might be widespread, at least in the African continent.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo
                Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo
                Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo
                Instituto de Medicina Tropical
                0036-4665
                1678-9946
                Jan-Feb 2015
                Jan-Feb 2015
                : 57
                : 1
                : 1-14
                Affiliations
                [(1) ]Universidade Federal de Alagoas. Hospital Universitário. Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil. E-mail: arthurmpaiva@ 123456usp.br
                [(2) ]Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. E-mail: jcasseb10@ 123456gmail.com
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Arthur Paiva. E-mail: arthurmpaiva@ 123456usp.br
                Article
                10.1590/S0036-46652015000100001
                4325517
                25651320
                a23620a9-7870-4371-a329-4c5332a29a01

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 24 April 2014
                : 2 September 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 3, References: 140, Pages: 14
                Categories
                Review

                htlv-1,htlv-2,indians,origin,americas
                htlv-1, htlv-2, indians, origin, americas

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