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      Pro inflammatory stimuli enhance the immunosuppressive functions of adipose mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes

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          Abstract

          The predominant mechanism by which adipose mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) participate to tissue repair is through a paracrine activity and their communication with the inflammatory microenvironment is essential part of this process. This hypothesis has been strengthened by the recent discovery that stem cells release not only soluble factors but also extracellular vesicles, which elicit similar biological activity to the stem cells themselves. We demonstrated that the treatment with inflammatory cytokines increases the immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory potential of AMSCs-derived exosomes, which acquire the ability to shift macrophages from M1 to M2 phenotype by shuttling miRNA regulating macrophages polarization. This suggests that the immunomodulatory properties of AMSCs-derived exosomes may be not constitutive, but are instead induced by the inflammatory microenvironment.

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          Modulation of macrophage phenotype by cell shape.

          Frances Y. McWhorter, Tingting Wang, Phoebe A. Nguyen … (2013)
          Phenotypic polarization of macrophages is regulated by a milieu of cues in the local tissue microenvironment. Although much is known about how soluble factors influence macrophage polarization, relatively little is known about how physical cues present in the extracellular environment might modulate proinflammatory (M1) vs. prohealing (M2) activation. Specifically, the role of cell shape has not been explored, even though it has been observed that macrophages adopt different geometries in vivo. We and others observed that macrophages polarized toward different phenotypes in vitro exhibit dramatic changes in cell shape: M2 cells exhibit an elongated shape compared with M1 cells. Using a micropatterning approach to control macrophage cell shape directly, we demonstrate here that elongation itself, without exogenous cytokines, leads to the expression of M2 phenotype markers and reduces the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, elongation enhances the effects of M2-inducing cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 and protects cells from M1-inducing stimuli LPS and IFN-γ. In addition shape- but not cytokine-induced polarization is abrogated when actin and actin/myosin contractility are inhibited by pharmacological agents, suggesting a role for the cytoskeleton in the control of macrophage polarization by cell geometry. Our studies demonstrate that alterations in cell shape associated with changes in ECM architecture may provide integral cues to modulate macrophage phenotype polarization.
          Article 0 comments Cited 449 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            MiRNA-Mediated Macrophage Polarization and its Potential Role in the Regulation of Inflammatory Response.

            Kobina Essandoh, Yutian Li, Jiuzhou Huo … (2016)
            Monocytes and macrophages are important components of the immune system, specialized in either removing pathogens as part of innate immunity or contributing to adaptive immunity through antigen presentation. Essential to such functions is classical activation (M1) and alternative activation (M2) of macrophages. M1 polarization of macrophages is characterized by production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, antimicrobial and tumoricidal activity, whereas M2 polarization of macrophages is linked to immunosuppression, tumorigenesis, wound repair, and elimination of parasites. MiRNAs are small non-coding RNAs with the ability to regulate gene expression and network of cellular processes. A number of studies have determined miRNA expression profiles in M1 and M2 polarized human and murine macrophages using microarray and RT-qPCR arrays techniques. More specifically, miR-9, miR-127, miR-155, and miR-125b have been shown to promote M1 polarization while miR-124, miR-223, miR-34a, let-7c, miR-132, miR-146a, and miR-125a-5p induce M2 polarization in macrophages by targeting various transcription factors and adaptor proteins. Further, M1 and M2 phenotypes play distinctive roles in cell growth and progression of inflammation-related diseases such as sepsis, obesity, cancer, and multiple sclerosis. Hence, miRNAs that modulate macrophage polarization may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of inflammation-related diseases. This review highlights recent findings in miRNA expression profiles in polarized macrophages from murine and human sources, and summarizes how these miRNAs regulate macrophage polarization. Last, therapeutic potential of miRNAs in inflammation-related diseases through modulation of macrophage polarization is also discussed.
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              A review of therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cell secretions and induction of secretory modification by different culture methods

              Marialaura Madrigal, Kosagisharaf Rao, Neil H Riordan (2014)
              The mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) is being broadly studied in clinical trials. Contrary to the early paradigm of cell replacement and differentiation as a therapeutic mechanism of action, evidence is mounting that the secretions of the cells are responsible for their therapeutic effects. These secretions include molecules and extracellular vesicles that have both local and distant effects. This review summarizes the up- and down-regulation of MSC anti-inflammatory, immune modulating, anti-tumor, and regenerative secretions resulting from different stimuli including: a) hypoxia, which increases the production of growth factors and anti-inflammatory molecules; b) pro-inflammatory stimuli that induce the secretion of immune modulating and anti-inflammatory factors; and c) 3 dimensional growth which up regulates the production of anti-cancer factors and anti-inflammatory molecules compared to monolayer culture. Finally we review in detail the most important factors present in conditioned medium of MSC that can be considered protagonists of MSC physiological effects including HGF, TGF-b, VEGF, TSG-6, PGE2 and galectins 1, and 9. We conclude that there is potential for the development of acellular therapeutic interventions for autoimmune, inflammatory, and malignant diseases and tissue regeneration from cellular secretions derived from MSCs cultured under the appropriate conditions.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Francesco Curcio: francesco.curcio@uniud.it
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep
                Title: Scientific Reports
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322
                Publication date (Electronic): 6 September 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 6 September 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: 13325
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2113 062X, GRID grid.5390.f, Dipartimento di Area Medica, , Università degli Studi di Udine, ; Udine, 33100 Italy
                [2 ]VivaBioCell S.p.A., Udine, 33100 Italy
                [3 ]GRID grid.411492.b, Istituto di Patologia Clinica, , Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine, ; Udine, 33100 Italy
                [4 ]GRID grid.411492.b, Clinica di Chirurgia Plastica, , Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine, ; Udine, 33100 Italy
                [5 ]NantBioScience, Inc Culver City, Culver City, CA 90232 USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2164-8899
                Article
                Publisher ID: 31707
                DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31707-9
                PMC ID: 6127134
                PubMed ID: 30190615
                SO-VID: 9c7ef5bf-9057-465b-adf5-d28a48fb31d8
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2018
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 28 February 2018
                Date accepted : 17 July 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2018

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