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      利妥昔单抗治疗IgA型温抗体型自身免疫性溶血性贫血一例报告并文献复习 Translated title: Low-dose rituximab in IgA-mediated autoimmune hemolytic anemia: a case report and literatures review

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          自身免疫性溶血性贫血(AIHA)是一种由B淋巴细胞功能亢进,产生抗自身红细胞抗体,发生溶血或贫血的获得性疾病,年发病率为(1~3)/106 [1]。温抗体型AIHA(wAIHA)占50%~70%[2],主要为IgG型或C3型,而单纯IgA型AIHA少见,常常直接抗人球蛋白试验(DAT)阴性。困扰着诊断和治疗。我们近期收治了1例单纯IgA型AIHA患者,现报道如下并进行文献复习。 病例资料 患者,女,12岁,辽宁籍,主因“黄疸、尿色加深1个月余,晕厥1次”于2015年8月31日首次入我院。当地医院查血常规:HGB 57 g/L,网织红细胞比值(Ret)24.7%,网织红细胞绝对计数(ARC)0.33×1012/L。血生化:总胆红素(TBIL)163.2 µmol/L,直接胆红素(DBIL)5.7 µmol/L,间接胆红素(IBIL)157.5 µmol/L,其余无异常。DAT、酸溶血试验及红细胞渗透脆性试验均无异常。病毒抗体、抗核抗体均阴性。考虑“自身免疫性溶血性贫血?”。予以甲泼尼龙及静脉丙种球蛋白冲击治疗,疗效不佳,遂转入我院。入院查体:贫血貌,皮肤及巩膜黄染,浅表淋巴结不大。肝肋缘下未及,脾肋缘下3 cm。血常规:WBC 28.59×109/L,HGB 41 g/L,PLT 195×109/L,Ret 21.45%,ARC 0.247×1012/L。血生化:TBIL 163.2 µmol/L,DBIL 5.7 µmol/L,IBIL 157.5 µmol/L,LDH 1 511 U/L。血清结合珠蛋白(HP)<0.125 g/L(正常参考范围:0.5~2.0 g/L),游离血红蛋白(F-HB)230.5 mg/L(正常参考范围:0~40 mg/L),DAT(试管法)(−),DAT[微柱凝胶卡式法(GAM)](+),IgA 12分,IgG、IgM、C3c、C3d均0分。其他溶血试验均阴性。骨髓象:增生明显活跃,粒系占0.465,红系占0.450,全片见巨核细胞63个。外周血涂片可见小球形红细胞。骨髓病理:骨髓增生大致正常(占80%),粒红比例减少,粒系各阶段细胞可见,以中幼及以下阶段细胞为主,红系各阶段细胞可见,以中晚幼红细胞为主,巨核细胞不少,网状纤维染色(MF-0级)。骨髓组化:中性粒细胞碱性磷酸酶阳性率为74%,阳性指数96,有核红糖原阳性率为0,骨髓铁染色:细胞外铁(++),铁粒幼红细胞阳性率92%。免疫组化CD41:全片见138个巨核细胞,均为正常巨核细胞。骨髓免疫分型:成熟淋巴细胞占8.98%,CD3+ T淋巴细胞占63.44%,CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+约0.96,CD3−CD16+/CD56+ NK细胞占26.08%,CD19+ B细胞占10.48%,κ/λ=1.76。TCR-Vβ未见异常单克隆增生。外周血CD3+CD57+ T大颗粒淋巴细胞占淋巴细胞3.6%,CD3−CD56+细胞占淋巴细胞16.9%。染色体核型:46,XY[10]。T细胞抗原受体(−),IgH(−)。免疫球蛋白定量:IgG 8.31 g/L、IgA 1.75 g/L、IgM 0.98 g/L、C3 1.04 g/L、C4 0.26 g/L。C反应蛋白2.53 mg/L,类风湿因子20 U/ml,抗链球菌溶血素O 28.6 U/ml。转铁蛋白2.31 g/L,可溶性转铁蛋白受体2.92 mg/L。ADAMT13基因未见突变。诊断:自身免疫性溶血性贫血(IgA型)。予以洗涤红细胞输注(累计5.5 U),于2015年9月9日予利妥昔单抗治疗:100 mg每周1次×4周。患者HGB由41 g/L升至134 g/L,ARC由0.219×1012/L降至0.151×1012/L,后HGB长期维持正常。2016年2月23日因病情反复,再次以利妥昔单抗治疗4周,HGB由80 g/L升至148 g/L,ARC由0.601×1012/L降至0.057×1012/L。后HGB维持于140~160 g/L(图1),GAM中IgA的积分最低降至2分(图2)。2017年2月20日起患者病情反复,于2017年3月7日接受脾切除术治疗,术后患者HGB升至正常并维持至今。 图1 IgA型温抗体型自身免疫性溶血性贫血患者利妥昔单抗治疗后HGB动态变化 图2 IgA型温抗体型自身免疫性溶血性贫血患者利妥昔单抗治疗后直接抗人球蛋白试验(微柱凝胶卡式法)中IgA抗体效价动态变化 讨论 尽管IgA型抗体可见于约21%的wAIHA[2],但通常IgA为非致病性。单纯由IgA介导的wAIHA少有报道,自1971年至2013年,已报道的的IgA型wAIHA累计20例[3]–[14]。IgA型wAIHA的发生率据估计在0.1%~2.7%,儿童患者更为少见[15]。Vaglio等[16]报道的100例儿童AIHA中,仅1例为IgA型wAIHA。 既往认为IgA介导溶血的发生过程可以涉及补体依赖的细胞毒作用(CDCC)[12],也可以直接结合在单核巨噬细胞或细胞毒淋巴细胞上[9],后者与IgG型类同。近些年来,Chadebech等[17]证实IgA型溶血的发生机制主要是由于IgA抗体凝聚成熟红细胞,在脾脏发生阻滞破坏而发生溶血;并不依赖补体激活和FcαRI。本例患者DAT检测仅IgA阳性,C3阴性,外周血C3水平正常,且治疗有效过程中,GAM检测仅发现IgA水平的变化,补体水平无改变,符合此型溶血机制。 IgA型wAIHA与常见的IgG型wAIHA类似,溶血、黄疸、尿色加深、脾肿大,网织红细胞代偿性增高,LDH增高是其特征,但IgA型wAIHA似乎更为严重。Kemppinen等[18]认为IgA抗体与重度贫血、高浓度血清LDH和血栓并发症显著相关。Segel及Lichtman[19]的综述中也显示IgA型常表现为重度或极重度贫血。Wager等[3]报道的5例IgA型患者中有4例发生血栓事件,分别是深静脉血栓、心肌梗死、肺栓塞、颈内动脉闭塞,年龄25~63岁,机制不清。本例患者起病急骤,极重度贫血,LDH高,与上述文献一致,但是未发现血栓并发症,可能与患者年龄较轻相关。 DAT在AIHA诊断中尤为重要,阳性结果是AIHA的特征,有助于尽早明确诊断。但是也会遇到阴性结果。Garratty等[20]研究显示DAT阴性的病例数占所有AIHA(347例)的7.8%,占wAIHA(244例)的11%,估计DAT阴性AIHA占所有AIHA的3%~11%,确切的概率尚不得知。这一定程度上与DAT的试验方法相关。如果单个红细胞表面的抗体密度低于阈值,或是由IgA或IgM介导溶血,那么标准的DAT(试管法)会出现假阴性结果,用更为敏感的方法检测则非常必要。GAM是理想的选择,可以检测各亚型指标(IgG、IgA、IgM、C3c、C3d),敏感性优于试管法。Novaretti等[21]分析了9 862例AIHA患者,结果CAM阳性率优于试管法(100%对50.7%,P<0.01)。我院周雪丽等[22]比较GAM和试管法检测128例AIHA患者,也得出一致结论(88.4%对37.7%,P<0.01)。GAM更利于检出潜在的抗体。该例患者院外DAT阴性,我院试管法亦为阴性,需考虑IgA或IgM的可能,加查GAM得出阳性结果,不仅明确了诊断,而且及时确定了IgA亚型。 糖皮质激素虽然是wAIHA的治疗首选,但对IgA型AIHA的疗效不令人满意。缓解的质量和时长依赖于大剂量糖皮质激素的长期维持[23]。AIHA的二线治疗主要包括脾切除术和利妥昔单抗。既往的wAIHA脾切除术后可取得70%的有效率,其中20%可达治愈,但是近年来利妥昔单抗应用于难治/复发性AIHA取得了不俗的效果,有效率达70%~80%,安全性好、缓解期长、适用年龄广等优势成为优选的二线方案[23]–[25]。文献报告小剂量利妥昔单抗治疗包含初治性AIHA患者总有效率也达到82.6%~100.0%[26]–[29]。但是利妥昔单抗用于IgA型AIHA的资料尚缺如。该例患者院外激素治疗无效,需要应用二线方案。利妥昔单抗治疗后,患者达血液学完全疗效反应。但利妥昔单抗的确切起效时间较难界定,结合文献[26]经验,可能在利妥昔单抗开始应用的6周以后。该患者首次利妥昔单抗治疗的有效时间较短,病情反复后重复方案不仅有效,而且疗效维持时间显著延长。首先,这种治疗策略和方案与Dierickx等[30]一致,大大推迟了脾切除术的时机;其次,重复方案后,有效期延长,GAM中IgA的水平进一步下降,相应的B淋巴细胞克隆可能明显消减,与利妥昔单抗的应用相关,小剂量利妥昔单抗疗效与标准剂量者相比,其总有效率大致相当,但其疗效维持时间相对较短,患者更易近期复发[29]。由此可见,利妥昔单抗剂量与有效时长相关,而不论是标准剂量还是小剂量,重复疗程都延长了有效时长[24],[26]。总的来看,利妥昔单抗方案治疗IgA型AIHA可能是恰当可行的,重复方案也是值得的,当然,这还需要更多的IgA型患者来践证。 总之,IgA型AIHA很少见,应用标准试管法常不能测出,遇到DAT阴性的获得性溶血性贫血,需要考虑到IgA型AIHA的可能。更换GAM等更为敏感的方法有利于明确诊断。IgA型AIHA病情急重,糖皮质激素疗效不满意,及早的采用利妥昔单抗方案可能是较为有利的选择。

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          Autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

          Red blood cell (RBC) autoantibodies are a relatively uncommon cause of anemia. However, autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) must be considered in the differential diagnosis of hemolytic anemias, especially if the patient has a concomitant lymphoproliferative disorder, autoimmune disease, or viral or mycoplasmal infection. Classifications of AIHA include warm AIHA, cold agglutinin syndrome, paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, mixed-type AIHA, and drug-induced AIHA. Characteristics of the autoantibodies are responsible for the various clinical entities. As a result, diagnosis is based on the clinical presentation and a serologic work-up. For each classification of AIHA, this review discusses the demographics, etiology, clinical presentation, laboratory evaluation, and treatment options. Copyright 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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            How I treat autoimmune hemolytic anemias in adults.

            Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is a heterogeneous disease with respect to the type of the antibody involved and the absence or presence of an underlying condition. Treatment decisions should be based on careful diagnostic evaluation. Primary warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemias respond well to steroids, but most patients remain steroid-dependent, and many require second-line treatment. Currently, splenectomy can be regarded as the most effective and best-evaluated second-line therapy, but there are still only limited data on long-term efficacy and adverse effects. The monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody rituximab is another second-line therapy with documented short-term efficacy, but there is limited information on long-term efficacy and side effects. The efficacy of immunosuppressants is poorly evaluated. Primary cold antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemias respond well to rituximab but are resistant to steroids and splenectomy. The most common causes of secondary autoimmune hemolytic anemias are malignancies, immune diseases, or drugs. They may be treated in a way similar to primary autoimmune hemolytic anemias, by immunosuppressants or by treatment of the underlying disease.
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              Low-dose rituximab in adult patients with idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia: clinical efficacy and biologic studies.

              This prospective study investigated the efficacy, safety, and response duration of low-dose rituximab (100 mg fixed dose for 4 weekly infusions) together with a short course of steroids as first- or second-line therapy in 23 patients with primary autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). The overall response was 82.6% at month +2, and subsequently stabilized to ∼ 90% at months +6 and +12; the response was better in warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (WAIHA; overall response, 100% at all time points) than in cold hemagglutinin disease (CHD; average, 60%); the relapse-free survival was 100% for WAIHA at +6 and +12 months versus 89% and 59% in CHD, respectively, and the estimated relapse-free survival at 2 years was 81% and 40% for the warm and cold forms, respectively. The risk of relapse was higher in CHD and in patients with a longer interval between diagnosis and enrollment. Steroid administration was reduced both as cumulative dose (∼ 50%) and duration compared with the patient's past history. Treatment was well tolerated and no adverse events or infections were recorded; retreatment was also effective. The clinical response was correlated with amelioration biologic markers such as cytokine production (IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α, and IL-17), suggesting that low-dose rituximab exerts an immunomodulating activity. This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01345708.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi
                Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi
                CJH
                Chinese Journal of Hematology
                Editorial office of Chinese Journal of Hematology (No. 288, Nanjing road, Heping district, Tianjin )
                0253-2727
                2707-9740
                January 2018
                : 39
                : 1
                : 63-65
                Affiliations
                [1]300020 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院血液学研究所、血液病医院Therapeutic Center of Anemia, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, CAMS & PUMC, Tianjin 300020, China
                Author notes
                通信作者:张莉(Zhang Li),Email: zhangli@ 123456ihcams.ac.cn
                Article
                cjh-39-01-063
                10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2018.01.015
                7343125
                29551038
                980902af-2a94-4c45-8ad3-1c8d922968dc
                2018年版权归中华医学会所有Copyright © 2018 by Chinese Medical Association

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (CC-BY-NC). The Copyright own by Publisher. Without authorization, shall not reprint, except this publication article, shall not use this publication format design. Unless otherwise stated, all articles published in this journal do not represent the views of the Chinese Medical Association or the editorial board of this journal.

                History
                : 25 June 2017
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