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      Conflict and COVID-19 in Yemen: beyond the humanitarian crisis

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          Abstract

          Background

          Yemen has been left in shambles and almost destroyed by its devastating civil war, and is now having to deal with the spread of coronavirus. The Yemeni people have been are left to fend for themselves and faced many problems such as hunger, the ongoing war, infections, diseases and lack of equipment even before the COVID-19 pandemic. All together it is a humanitarian crisis. Only around 50% of the hospitals and healthcare facilities are in full working condition, and even those that are functioning are operating at nowhere near full potential. Healthcare staff and facilities lack necessary essential equipment and money.

          Conclusion

          As, sadly, is common in conflict-affected regions, the violence has brought with it a secondary disaster of infectious disease outbreaks. Yemen is not only battling COVID-19 amid a catastrophic war, but also has to deal with other diseases such as cholera, diphtheria and measles. A number of key measures are needed to support the current efforts against this deadly epidemic and its potential subsequent waves as well as to prevent further epidemics in Yemen.

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          Most cited references6

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          Emergency and disaster management training; knowledge and attitude of Yemeni health professionals- a cross-sectional study

          Background Medical professionals together with other first responder teams are the first to attend an emergency or disaster. Knowledge and training in emergency and disaster preparedness are important in responding effectively. This study aims to assess the current knowledge, attitude and training in emergency and disaster preparedness among Yemeni health professionals. Method A descriptive, cross-sectional, non-probability based study was conducted in Yemen using self-reported on-line and paper surveys in 2017. A total of 531 health professionals responded. The Chi-Square test was used to identify any significant difference in the knowledge and attitude of the professional categories. The p-value of <0.05 was used as a statistical significant. Results The overall knowledge status of Yemeni health professionals was insufficient with regards to emergency and disaster preparedness. Of all respondents, 32.0% had good knowledge, 53.5% had fair and 14.5% exhibited poor knowledge. The educational level was a key factor in the knowledge gap amongst respondents. Regardless of the period of experience, postgraduate staff were more knowledgeable than graduates. Physicians were better in knowledge than other subgroups of health specialties. Health administrators seemed insufficiently qualified in emergency and disaster planning. Medical teachers performed better in responding to knowledge test than managers. However, the majority of study respondents appeared in the ‘positive attitudes’ level to emergency and disaster preparedness. 41.0% of all respondents had received no courses in disaster preparedness. The trained staff used NGOs, and online-related programs more frequently for learning disaster planning (15.7%, and 13.6%) respectively. In contrast, formal resources such as MoPHP, health facility, medical schooling programs were used by (10.2%, 9.6, and 7.3%) of respondents, respectively. 58.9% of respondents had not participated in any exercise in emergency and disaster preparedness. Of all respondents, triage and mass causality response exercises were attended by only (13.5%, and 9.7%) respectively. Conclusion The absence of teaching programs is a major issue in the lack of knowledge of health professionals regarding disaster preparedness. Thus, emergency and disaster preparedness has to be included in the primary medical school curricula and continuing medical education programs of the health facilities. Long-term formal training such as undergraduate and postgraduate programs is necessary. Operational simulations enrolled key personnel of multi-agencies focus on an organizational training rather than individual based training are recommended.
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            Impact of the 2011 Revolution on Hospital Disaster Preparedness in Yemen.

            Hospitals are expected to serve the medical needs of casualties in the face of a disaster or other crisis, including man-made conflicts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the 2011 Yemeni revolution on hospital disaster preparedness in the capital city of Sana'a.
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              COVID-19 and conflict: The devastating impact of withdrawing humanitarian support on universal health coverage in Yemen

              The authors warn that, in the context of Yemen, the closure of humanitarian lifesaving programmes and shifting support toward health security, i.e. to support COVID-19 response, at the expense of primary health care support, will undermine existing health system strengthening efforts, worsen the humanitarian crisis and will accentuate the impact of COVID-19. The authors urge the international community and the Government of Yemen to carefully consider a more comprehensive approach to support Yemen’s COVID-19 response while maintaining, and strengthening, essential public health services.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                alsabri5000@gmail.com
                alhadheri13@gmail.com
                laui.alsakkaf@gmail.com
                jennifer.cole@rhul.ac.uk
                Journal
                Global Health
                Global Health
                Globalization and Health
                BioMed Central (London )
                1744-8603
                22 July 2021
                22 July 2021
                2021
                : 17
                : 83
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.287625.c, ISNI 0000 0004 0381 2434, Pediatrics, 1 Brookdale University Hospital and Medical center 1Brookdale Plaza, ; Brooklyn, NY 11212 USA
                [2 ]Emergency Department, Al Thawra Modern General Hospital (TMGH), Sana’a City, Yemen
                [3 ]Emergency Medicine, McLaren Oakland Hospital, 50 N. Perry St, Pontiac, MI 48342 USA
                [4 ]GRID grid.4970.a, ISNI 0000 0001 2188 881X, Department of Geography, , The Royal Holloway University of London. Egham Hill, ; Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX UK
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7278-2289
                Article
                732
                10.1186/s12992-021-00732-1
                8295627
                34294097
                848746a6-81a6-400e-876a-edf3555fddd5
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                : 7 May 2021
                : 4 July 2021
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                © The Author(s) 2021

                Health & Social care
                yemen,covid-19,war,humanitarian crisis,disaster
                Health & Social care
                yemen, covid-19, war, humanitarian crisis, disaster

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