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      Bioprinting for combating infectious diseases

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          Abstract

          Infectious diseases have the ability to impact health on a global scale, as is being demonstrated by the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The strenuous circumstances related to this global health crises have been highlighting the challenges faced by the biomedical field in combating infectious diseases. Notably, printing technologies have advanced rapidly over the last decades, allowing for incorporating living cells in the printing process (or bioprinting) to create constructs that are able to serve as in vitro tissue or virus-disease models in combating infectious diseases. This paper describes applications of bioprinting in addressing the challenges faced in combating infectious diseases, with a specific focus on in vitro modelling and on development of therapeutic agents and vaccines. Integration of these technologies may allow for a more efficient and effective response to current and future pandemics.

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          The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status

          Yan-Rong Guo, Qing-Dong Cao, Zhong-Si Hong … (2020)
          An acute respiratory disease, caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, previously known as 2019-nCoV), the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread throughout China and received worldwide attention. On 30 January 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared the COVID-19 epidemic as a public health emergency of international concern. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2, since the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, marked the third introduction of a highly pathogenic and large-scale epidemic coronavirus into the human population in the twenty-first century. As of 1 March 2020, a total of 87,137 confirmed cases globally, 79,968 confirmed in China and 7169 outside of China, with 2977 deaths (3.4%) had been reported by WHO. Meanwhile, several independent research groups have identified that SARS-CoV-2 belongs to β-coronavirus, with highly identical genome to bat coronavirus, pointing to bat as the natural host. The novel coronavirus uses the same receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as that for SARS-CoV, and mainly spreads through the respiratory tract. Importantly, increasingly evidence showed sustained human-to-human transmission, along with many exported cases across the globe. The clinical symptoms of COVID-19 patients include fever, cough, fatigue and a small population of patients appeared gastrointestinal infection symptoms. The elderly and people with underlying diseases are susceptible to infection and prone to serious outcomes, which may be associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cytokine storm. Currently, there are few specific antiviral strategies, but several potent candidates of antivirals and repurposed drugs are under urgent investigation. In this review, we summarized the latest research progress of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical characteristics of COVID-19, and discussed the current treatment and scientific advancements to combat the epidemic novel coronavirus.
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            COVID-19 and Italy: what next?

            Andrea Remuzzi, Giuseppe Remuzzi (2020)
            Summary The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has already taken on pandemic proportions, affecting over 100 countries in a matter of weeks. A global response to prepare health systems worldwide is imperative. Although containment measures in China have reduced new cases by more than 90%, this reduction is not the case elsewhere, and Italy has been particularly affected. There is now grave concern regarding the Italian national health system's capacity to effectively respond to the needs of patients who are infected and require intensive care for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. The percentage of patients in intensive care reported daily in Italy between March 1 and March 11, 2020, has consistently been between 9% and 11% of patients who are actively infected. The number of patients infected since Feb 21 in Italy closely follows an exponential trend. If this trend continues for 1 more week, there will be 30 000 infected patients. Intensive care units will then be at maximum capacity; up to 4000 hospital beds will be needed by mid-April, 2020. Our analysis might help political leaders and health authorities to allocate enough resources, including personnel, beds, and intensive care facilities, to manage the situation in the next few days and weeks. If the Italian outbreak follows a similar trend as in Hubei province, China, the number of newly infected patients could start to decrease within 3–4 days, departing from the exponential trend. However, this cannot currently be predicted because of differences between social distancing measures and the capacity to quickly build dedicated facilities in China.
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              The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape

              Tung Thanh Le, Zacharias Andreadakis, Arun Kumar … (2020)
              Article 0 comments Cited 793 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Bioprinting
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Bioprinting
                Title: Bioprinting (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
                Publisher: Elsevier B.V.
                ISSN (Electronic): 2405-8866
                Publication date PMC-release: 28 September 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 September 2020
                Electronic Location Identifier: e00104
                Affiliations
                [a ]Division of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
                [b ]Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2405-8866(20)30031-2 Publisher ID: e00104
                DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2020.e00104
                PMC ID: 7521216
                PubMed ID: 33015403
                SO-VID: 7f4e341f-7738-4f7d-9781-f3392a3ba01e
                Copyright © © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 10 July 2020
                Date revision received : 15 September 2020
                Date accepted : 24 September 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                Keywords: covid-19,bioprinting,in vitro models,drug delivery,vaccines
                Data availability:
                Keywords: covid-19, bioprinting, in vitro models, drug delivery, vaccines

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