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      Trabecular bone: texture analysis in CT to improve osteoporosis diagnosis in Duchenne muscle distrophy patients

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          Abstract

          In recent years, interest in bone mineral densitometry (BMD) for children has increased, mainly due to the varieties of disease that influence bone growth. Trabecular bone densitometry in CT from lumbar vertebra is usually used clinically as a good indicator of bone deterioration and fracture risk. Nevertheless, diagnosing osteoporosis in obese and Duchenne Muscle Distrophy (DMD) children by BMD has been difficult due to the attenuation of radiation dose by abdominal fat, which could lead to overestimation of the degree of bone deterioration. The present work is an effort to improve pediatric osteoporosis diagnostic efficacy by analyzing the trabecular bone texture via CT with two frequency based methods: fractal dimension with power spectrum (Dps) and wavelet packets (WP). Healthy young adults group in the peak bone mass was statistically compared (t-student) with osteoporotic women with either fractal dimension or the four WP energy bands, and the results suggested significant differences. Applying ANOVA to three DMD children groups classified by their z-score as having normal, low and very low bone mineral density, significant differences were also found. At last, when comparing the DMD pediatric groups with that osteoporotic women, great statistical significance was found for all texture indicators. Results shown that the introduced techniques for image texture analysis could quantify the trabecular bone deterioration; this may help to improve the osteoporosis diagnosis in overweight patients, in specific DMD children, where it is often a diagnostic challenge.

          Translated abstract

          En años recientes, el interés en el estudio de la densitometría mineral de hueso (DMH) para aplicaciones pediátricas se ha incrementado, debido principalmente a la variedad de enfermedades que influyen en el crecimiento del hueso. La densitometría del hueso trabecular en tomografía computada (TC) para vértebras lumbares se utiliza regularmente en la clínica como un buen indicador del deterioro del hueso y el riesgo de fractura. Sin embargo, el diagnóstico de la osteoporosis en pacientes pediátricos obesos y la distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) por el método de DMH ha sido difícil debido a la atenuación de la dosis de radicación por la grasa abdominal, la cual puede producir la sobre estimación del grado de deterioro del hueso. El presente trabajo es un esfuerzo para mejorar la eficiencia del diagnóstico de la osteoporosis pediátrica a través del análisis de la textura del hueso trabecular utilizando la TC con dos métodos basados en frecuencia: la dimensión fractal con el espectro de potencia (DEP) y paquetes wavelet (PW). Un grupo de pacientes adultos jóvenes en la masa pico del hueso fue estadísticamente comparada (prueba de t-student) con mujeres con osteoporosis que presentaban ya sea una dimensión fractal o las cuatro bandas de energía de los PW. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas. El método de ANOVA fue aplicado a los tres grupos de niños con DMH utilizando sus índices Z teniendo densidad mineral del hueso normal, baja y muy baja, mostrando diferencias significativas. Finalmente, cuando se compararon los grupos pediátricos afectados por DMH con mujeres afectadas por osteoporosis, una diferencia muy significativa fue encontrada para todos los indicadores de textura. Los resultados mostraron que las técnicas introducidas en este estudio para el análisis de imágenes de textura puede cuantificar el deterioro del hueso trabecular. Esto podría ayudar para mejorar el diagnóstico de la osteoporosis en pacientes con sobrepeso, en niños específicos con DMH que en general es un reto médico importante.

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          Most cited references21

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          Texture classification and segmentation using wavelet frames.

          M. Unser (1995)
          This paper describes a new approach to the characterization of texture properties at multiple scales using the wavelet transform. The analysis uses an overcomplete wavelet decomposition, which yields a description that is translation invariant. It is shown that this representation constitutes a tight frame of l(2) and that it has a fast iterative algorithm. A texture is characterized by a set of channel variances estimated at the output of the corresponding filter bank. Classification experiments with l(2) Brodatz textures indicate that the discrete wavelet frame (DWF) approach is superior to a standard (critically sampled) wavelet transform feature extraction. These results also suggest that this approach should perform better than most traditional single resolution techniques (co-occurrences, local linear transform, and the like). A detailed comparison of the classification performance of various orthogonal and biorthogonal wavelet transforms is also provided. Finally, the DWF feature extraction technique is incorporated into a simple multicomponent texture segmentation algorithm, and some illustrative examples are presented.
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            The bone mineral density in childhood study: bone mineral content and density according to age, sex, and race.

            Low bone mass may increase risk of fracture. Several chronic medical conditions, medications, and lifestyle factors affect bone mineral accrual. Appropriate reference values are essential for identification of children with bone deficits. Our objective was to establish reference curves for bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) in children. The Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study is an ongoing longitudinal study in which measurements are obtained annually at five clinical centers in the United States. Participants included 1554 healthy children (761 male, 793 female), ages 6-16 yr, of all ethnicities. Scans of the whole body, lumbar spine, hip, and forearm were obtained using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Percentile curves based on three annual measurements were generated using the LMS statistical procedure. BMC of the whole body and lumbar spine and BMD of the whole body, lumbar spine, total hip, femoral neck, and forearm are given for specific percentiles by sex, age, and race (Black vs. non-Black). BMC and BMD were higher for Blacks at all skeletal sites (P < 0.0001). BMC and BMD increased with age, and a plateau was not evident by age 16 (girls) or age 17 (boys). The variation in BMC and BMD also increased with age. Age-, race-, and sex-specific reference curves can be used to help identify children with bone deficits and for monitoring changes in bone in response to chronic diseases or therapies.
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              Converting dose-length product to effective dose at CT.

              To determine effective dose (ED) per unit dose-length product (DLP) conversion factors for computed tomographic (CT) dosimetry. A CT dosimetry spreadsheet was used to compute patient ED values and corresponding DLP values. The ratio of ED to DLP was determined with 16-section CT scanners from four vendors, as well as with five models from one manufacturer that spanned more than 25 years. ED-to-DLP ratios were determined for 2-cm scan lengths along the patient axis, as well as for typical scan lengths encountered at head and body CT examinations. The dependence of the ratio of ED to DLP on x-ray tube voltage (in kilovolts) was investigated, and the values obtained with the spreadsheet were compared with those obtained by using two other commercially available CT dosimetry software packages. For 2-cm scan lengths, changes in the scan region resulted in differences to ED of a factor of 30, but much lower variation was obtained for typical scan lengths at clinical head and body imaging. Inter- and intramanufacturer differences for ED/DLP were generally small. Representative values of ED/DLP at 120 kV were 2.2 microSv/mGy x cm (head scans), 5.4 microSv/mGy x cm (cervical spine scans), and 18 microSv/mGy x cm (body scans). For head scans, ED/DLP was approximately independent of x-ray tube voltage, but for body scans, the increase from 80 to 140 kV increased the ratio of ED to DLP by approximately 25%. Agreement in ED/DLP data for all three software packages was generally very good, except for cervical spine examinations where one software package determined an ED/DLP ratio that was approximately double that of the other two. This article describes a method of providing CT users with a practical and reliable estimate of adult patient EDs by using the DLP displayed on the CT console at the end of any given examination. RSNA, 2008
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rmib
                Revista mexicana de ingeniería biomédica
                Rev. mex. ing. bioméd
                Sociedad Mexicana de Ingeniería Biomédica (México, Distrito Federal, Mexico )
                0188-9532
                2395-9126
                December 2011
                : 32
                : 2
                : 125-132
                Affiliations
                [03] México Distrito Federal orgnameInstituto Nacional de Rehabilitación orgdiv1Department of Technological Research México
                [01] Iztapalapa Distrito Federal orgnameUniversidad Autónoma Metropolitana orgdiv1Electrical Department México
                [02] México Distrito Federal orgnameInstituto Nacional de Rehabilitación orgdiv1Division of Imagenology-Computed Tomography México
                Article
                S0188-95322011000200006 S0188-9532(11)03200200006
                6d06aa60-4011-4e70-b9d2-5de5ab639026

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 19 November 2011
                : 28 June 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 23, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Original research articles

                Densitometría mineral de hueso,muscle dystrophy patients,osteoporosis diagnosis,computed tomography,Bone mineral densitometry,pacientes de distrofia muscular,diagnóstico de osteoporosis,tomografía computada

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