High prevalence of hepatitis B and HIV among women survivors of sexual violence in South Kivu province, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

Abstract

Introduction

Limited data are available on the prevalence rates of hepatitis B and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among women survivors of sexual violence (WSSV )in South Kivu province, in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), where armed conflicts persist. Here, we aimed to assess the prevalence of these two diseases in this vulnerable local population.

Methods

A total of 1002 WSSV, aged from 18 to 70 years old were enrolled from May 2018 to May 2020 at three one-stop centers, set up at the Panzi, Mulamba and Bulenga hospitals. Blood samples were collected and tested for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigens and antibodies using enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) methods. Viral load quantification for HBV and HIV were performed using the GeneXpert.

Results

For HBV, overall prevalence was 8.9% (95% CI [7.2–10.8%]), 32.1% [29.3–35.0%], and 14.5% [12.3–16.8%] for HBsAg, anti-HBc and anti-HBs antibodies, respectively. Among the 89 HBsAg-positive patients, 17 (19.1%) were HBeAg-positive. The mean age was 40.57±14.99 years in the HBsAg-positive group ( p=0.025). Risk factors for HBV infection were age (≥35 years) (AOR=1.83 [1.02-3.32]; p=0.041), having no schooling (AOR=4.14 [1.35-12.62]; p=0.012) or only primary school-level (AOR=4.88 [1.61-14.75]; p=0.005), and multiple aggressors (AOR=1.76 [1.09-2.84], p=0.019). The prevalence of HIV was 4.3% [3.1–5.7%]. HIV/HBV co-infection occurred only in 5 individuals (0.5%). The HBV viral load was detectable (>2,000 copies/mL) in 61.8% of HBsAg-positive subjects and 64.8% HIV-positive subjects had a high viral load (>1,000 copies/mL).

Conclusion

This study revealed a high prevalence of HBV and HIV infections among WSSV in South Kivu. These results highlight the urgent need for systematic screening of HBV and HIV by integrating fourth-generation ELISA tests in HIV and HBV control programs.