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      • Record: found
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      Telocytes and interstitial cells of Cajal in the biliary system

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          Abstract

          A novel type of interstitial tissue cells in the biliary tree termed telocytes ( TCs), formerly known as interstitial Cajal‐like cells ( ICLCs), exhibits very particular features which unequivocally distinguish these cells from interstitial cells of Cajal ( ICCs) and other interstitial cell types. Current research substantiates the existence of TCs and ICCs in the biliary system (gallbladder, extrahepatic bile duct, cystic duct, common bile duct and sphincter of Oddi). Here, we review the distribution, morphology and ultrastructure of TCs and ICCs in the biliary tree, with emphasis on their presumptive roles in physiological and pathophysiological processes.

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          Telocytes revisited.

          Sanda Cretoiu, L. Popescu (2014)
          Telocytes (TCs) are a novel interstitial (stromal) cell type described in many tissues and organs (www.telocytes.com). A TC is characterized by a small cell body (9-15 μm) and a variable number (one to five) of extremely long and thin telopodes (Tps), with alternating regions of podomers (∼80 nm) and podoms (250-300 nm). Tps are interconnected by homo- and heterocellular junctions and form three-dimensional networks. Moreover, Tps release three types of extracellular vesicles: exosomes, ectosomes, and multivesicular cargos, which are involved in paracrine signaling. Different techniques have been used to characterize TCs, from classical methods (light microscopy, electron microscopy) to modern 'omics'. It is considered that electron microscopy is essential for their identification, and CD34/PDGFRα double immunohistochemistry can orientate the diagnosis. Functional evidence is accumulating that TCs may be intimately involved in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and renewal by short- and long-distance intercellular communication. This review focuses on the most recent findings regarding TC features and locations and the principal hypotheses about their functions in normal and diseased organs. TC involvement in regenerative medicine is also considered.
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            Spontaneous electrical rhythmicity in cultured interstitial cells of cajal from the murine small intestine.

            S. Ward, Jeremy K M Sanders, Rachel S Koh (1998)
            1. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are pacemaker cells in the small bowel, and therefore this cell type must express the mechanism responsible for slow wave activity. Isolated ICC were cultured for 1-3 days from the murine small intestine and identified with c-Kit-like immunoreactivity (c-Kit-LI). 2. Electrical recordings were obtained from cultured ICC with the whole-cell patch clamp technique. ICC were rhythmically active, producing regular slow wave depolarizations with waveforms and properties similar to slow waves in intact tissues. 3. Spontaneous activity of c-Kit-LI cells was inhibited by reduced extracellular Na+, gadolinium, and reduced extracellular Ca2+. The activity was not affected by nisoldipine. Voltage clamp studies showed rhythmic inward currents that were probably responsible for the slow wave activity. The current-voltage relationship showed that the spontaneous currents reversed at about +17 mV. These observations are consistent with the involvement of a non-selective cation current in the generation of slow waves, but do not rule out contributions from other conductances or transporters. 4. A Ba2+-sensitive inwardly rectifying K+ current in c-Kit-LI cells that may be involved in slow wave repolarization and maintenance of a negative potential between slow waves was also found. Similar pharmacology was observed in studies of intact murine intestinal muscles. 5. Cultured ICC may be a useful model for studying the properties and pharmacology of some of the ionic conductances involved in spontaneous rhythmicity in the gastrointestinal tract.
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              Interstitial Cajal-like cells in rat mesentery: an ultrastructural and immunohistochemical approach

              M Hinescu, L Popescu, M Gherghiceanu … (2008)
              Abstract Interstitial Cajal-like Cells (ICLC) were recently recognized in a plethora of non-digestive organs. Here, we describe a cell type of rat mesentery sharing ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features with ICLC. Mesenteric ICLC were demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and further tested by light microscope immunohistochemistry. The cell described here fulfils the TEM diagnostic criteria accepted for ICLC: location in the connective interstitium; close vicinity to nerves, capillaries and other interstitial cells; characteristic long, moniliform cell processes; specialized cell-to-cell junctions; caveolae; mitochondria at 5–10% of cytoplasmic volume; rough endoplasmic reticulum at about 1–2%; intermediate and thin filaments, microtubules; undetectable thick filaments. The processes of this mesenteric ICLC were particularly long, with a mean length of 24.91 μm (10.27–50.83 μm), and a convolution index of 2.32 (1.37–3.63) was calculated in order to measure their potential length. Mean distances versus main target cells of ICLC–nerve bundles, vessels, adipocytes and macrophages–were 110.69, 115.80, 205.07 and 34.65 nm, respectively. We also tested the expression of CD117/c-kit, CD34, vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin, nestin, NK-1, tryptase and chymase and the antigenic profile of the mesenteric ICLC was comparable if not identical with that recently observed in ICLC from other extra-digestive tissues. Due to the peculiar aspect of the mesenteric ICLC processes it can be hypothesized that these cells form a three-dimensional network within the mesentery that is at the same time resistant and deformable following stretches consequent to intestine movements, mainly avoiding blood vessels closure or controlling blood vessels rheology. It remains, however, to be established if and how such cells are connected with the archetypal enteric ICC.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Baoping Yu: yubp62@163.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Cell Mol Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Cell. Mol. Med
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1111/(ISSN)1582-4934
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JCMM
                Title: Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 1582-1838
                ISSN (Electronic): 1582-4934
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 April 2018
                Publication date (Print): July 2018
                Volume: 22
                Issue: 7 ( doiID: 10.1111/jcmm.2018.22.issue-7 )
                Pages: 3323-3329
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Gastroenterology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan China
                [ 2 ] Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease Wuhan China
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Baoping Yu Email: yubp62@ 123456163.com

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1301-006X
                Article
                Publisher ID: JCMM13643
                DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13643
                PMC ID: 6010895
                PubMed ID: 29700981
                SO-VID: 6735bde9-a5b3-4aa6-a7b7-fb50cd9b063e
                Copyright © © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Foundation for Cellular and Molecular Medicine.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 14 November 2017
                Date accepted : 08 March 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Pages: 7, Words: 5777
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article
                Subject: Reviews
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                component-id jcmm13643
                cover-date July 2018
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:version=5.4.1.1 mode:remove_FC converted:20.06.2018

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: biliary system,extrahepatic bile ducts,gallbladder,interstitial cells of cajal,telocytes
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: biliary system, extrahepatic bile ducts, gallbladder, interstitial cells of cajal, telocytes

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