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      Cholesterol gallstones: Focusing on the role of interstitial Cajal-like cells

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          Abstract

          Cholesterol gallstone (CG) is a common, frequent biliary system disease in China, with a complex and multifactorial etiology. Declined gallbladder motility reportedly contributes to CG pathogenesis. Furthermore, interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLCs) are reportedly present in human and guinea pig gallbladder tissue. ICLCs potentially contribute to the regulation of gallbladder motility, and aberrant conditions involving the loss of ICLCs and/or a reduction in its pacing potential and reactivity to cholecystokinin may promote CG pathogenesis. This review discusses the association between ICLCs and CG pathogenesis and provides a basis for further studies on the functions of ICLCs and the etiologies of CG.

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          Epidemiology of Gallbladder Disease: Cholelithiasis and Cancer

          Laura M. Stinton, Eldon Shaffer (2012)
          Diseases of the gallbladder are common and costly. The best epidemiological screening method to accurately determine point prevalence of gallstone disease is ultrasonography. Many risk factors for cholesterol gallstone formation are not modifiable such as ethnic background, increasing age, female gender and family history or genetics. Conversely, the modifiable risks for cholesterol gallstones are obesity, rapid weight loss and a sedentary lifestyle. The rising epidemic of obesity and the metabolic syndrome predicts an escalation of cholesterol gallstone frequency. Risk factors for biliary sludge include pregnancy, drugs like ceftiaxone, octreotide and thiazide diuretics, and total parenteral nutrition or fasting. Diseases like cirrhosis, chronic hemolysis and ileal Crohn's disease are risk factors for black pigment stones. Gallstone disease in childhood, once considered rare, has become increasingly recognized with similar risk factors as those in adults, particularly obesity. Gallbladder cancer is uncommon in developed countries. In the U.S., it accounts for only ~ 5,000 cases per year. Elsewhere, high incidence rates occur in North and South American Indians. Other than ethnicity and female gender, additional risk factors for gallbladder cancer include cholelithiasis, advancing age, chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the gallbladder, congenital biliary abnormalities, and diagnostic confusion over gallbladder polyps.
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            Interstitial cells: regulators of smooth muscle function.

            Kenton Sanders, Sean M Ward, Sang Koh (2014)
            Smooth muscles are complex tissues containing a variety of cells in addition to muscle cells. Interstitial cells of mesenchymal origin interact with and form electrical connectivity with smooth muscle cells in many organs, and these cells provide important regulatory functions. For example, in the gastrointestinal tract, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and PDGFRα(+) cells have been described, in detail, and represent distinct classes of cells with unique ultrastructure, molecular phenotypes, and functions. Smooth muscle cells are electrically coupled to ICC and PDGFRα(+) cells, forming an integrated unit called the SIP syncytium. SIP cells express a variety of receptors and ion channels, and conductance changes in any type of SIP cell affect the excitability and responses of the syncytium. SIP cells are known to provide pacemaker activity, propagation pathways for slow waves, transduction of inputs from motor neurons, and mechanosensitivity. Loss of interstitial cells has been associated with motor disorders of the gut. Interstitial cells are also found in a variety of other smooth muscles; however, in most cases, the physiological and pathophysiological roles for these cells have not been clearly defined. This review describes structural, functional, and molecular features of interstitial cells and discusses their contributions in determining the behaviors of smooth muscle tissues.
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              Epidemiology of gallstones.

              Laura M. Stinton, Robert Myers, Eldon Shaffer (2010)
              Gallstones are common with prevalences as high as 60% to 70% in American Indians and 10% to 15% in white adults of developed countries. Ethnic differences abound with a reduced frequency in black Americans and those from East Asia, while being rare in sub-Saharan Africa. Certain risk factors for gallstones are immutable: female gender, increasing age, and ethnicity/family (genetic traits). Others are modifiable: obesity, the metabolic syndrome, rapid weight loss, certain diseases (cirrhosis and Crohn disease), gallbladder stasis (from spinal cord injury or drugs, such as somatostatin), and lifestyle. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Bei-Bei Fu
                Jian-Nan Zhao
                Shuo-Dong Wu
                Ying Fan
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): World J Clin Cases
                Journal ID (publisher-id): WJCC
                Title: World Journal of Clinical Cases
                Publisher: Baishideng Publishing Group Inc
                ISSN (Electronic): 2307-8960
                Publication date (Print): 26 May 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 May 2021
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 15
                Pages: 3498-3505
                Affiliations
                Department of Health Management, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
                Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
                Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China
                Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China. coolingpine78@ 123456163.com
                Author notes

                Author contributions: Fu BB, Zhao JN, Wu SD, and Fan Y contributed to the collection of the literature, critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content, and granted final approval of the version to be published.

                Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 81000183; and Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province, No. 20180550125.

                Corresponding author: Ying Fan, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning Province, China. coolingpine78@ 123456163.com

                Article
                Other ID: jWJCC.v9.i15.pg3498
                DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i15.3498
                PMC ID: 8130069
                PubMed ID: 34046450
                SO-VID: f350759a-b2b2-403f-a5fd-33c41d195700
                Copyright © ©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
                License:

                This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial.

                History
                Date received : 16 October 2020
                Date revision received : 8 January 2021
                Date accepted : 17 March 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Minireviews

                Keywords: interstitial cajal-like cells,cholesterol gallstones,gallbladder motility,biliary system disease,gallstones
                Data availability:
                Keywords: interstitial cajal-like cells, cholesterol gallstones, gallbladder motility, biliary system disease, gallstones

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