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Abstract
Cold stress adversely affects plant growth and development. Most temperate plants
acquire freezing tolerance by a process called cold acclimation. Here, we focus on
recent progress in transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation
of gene expression that is critical for cold acclimation. Transcriptional regulation
is mediated by the inducer of C-repeat binding factor (CBF) expression 1 (ICE1), the
CBF transcriptional cascade and CBF-independent regulons during cold acclimation.
ICE1 is negatively regulated by ubiquitination-mediated proteolysis and positively
regulated by SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) E3 ligase-catalyzed sumoylation.
Post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, such as pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA export
and small RNA-directed mRNA degradation, also play important roles in cold stress
responses.