The aim of the present study was to examine if new cementum and new attachment may form during healing of a wound prepared in such a way that preference is given to periodontal ligament cells to repopulate the wound area adjacent to a root which has been surgically deprived of its periodontal ligament and cementum layer. The maxillary lateral incisors and mandibular canines in three monkeys were used for experimentation. Following elevation of a mucoperiosteal flap, the buccal and approximal alveolar bone was removed within an area extending from the mid-root level to a level 2 mm apical to the marginal bone crest. Following bone removal, the root surfaces were curetted in order to remove the cementum layer. Notches were prepared in the roots to demarcate the denuded root portion. Prior to repositioning of the tissue flap a millipore filter was placed over the treated area in order to prevent the gingival connective tissue from coming into contact with the root surface during healing. The animals were sacrificed 6 months after surgery. The jaws were removed and histological sections of the experimental teeth and surrounding periodontal tissues were produced. New cementum with inserting collagen fibers was observed on the curetted root surfaces. However, this result of healing did not consistently occur along the entire length of the curetted root portion. In the coronal part of the wound, healing was frequently characterized by connective tissue adhesion to the root surface without signs of cementum formation and fibrous attachment. The results of the experiment suggest that the periodontal ligament cells possess the ability to reestablish connective tissue attachment.