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      Candida species isolated from clinical samples in a tertiary hospital in Honduras: Where is Candida auris?

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          Abstract

          Background and Purpose:

          Infections by emerging and multiresistant Candida species are becoming more frequent throughout the world. This study aimed to describe Candida species in different wards of a tertiary hospital in Honduras.

          Materials and Methods:

          The prevalence of species within the C. albicans complex was estimated using a molecular approach, and C. auris was investigated using a yeast pool-based DNA extraction method. In total, 328 yeast isolates were identified using phenotypic approaches. For the identification of species within the C. albicans complex, a molecular approach based on the size polymorphisms of the hpw1 gene was used. In addition, a technique was optimized based on DNA extraction in pools for the rapid identification of C. auris.

          Results:

          A total of 11 species of Candida were identified in the hospital wards. C. albicans showed the highest number of isolates (52.4%). Within the C. albicans complex, C. albicans sensu stricto was the most common, followed by C. dubliniensis. However, C. auris was not found.

          Conclusion:

          Reports on the distribution of Candida species in Honduras are limited; accordingly, the data from this study are of importance for a better understanding of their epidemiology. Moreover, a simple method was offered for the detection of C. auris that could help in its detection in low-resource settings.

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          Most cited references63

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          Hidden killers: human fungal infections.

          Gordon Brown, David W. Denning, Neil Gow … (2012)
          Although fungal infections contribute substantially to human morbidity and mortality, the impact of these diseases on human health is not widely appreciated. Moreover, despite the urgent need for efficient diagnostic tests and safe and effective new drugs and vaccines, research into the pathophysiology of human fungal infections lags behind that of diseases caused by other pathogens. In this Review, we highlight the importance of fungi as human pathogens and discuss the challenges we face in combating the devastating invasive infections caused by these microorganisms, in particular in immunocompromised individuals.
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            Atopic dermatitis

            Stephan Weidinger, Kenji Kabashima, Alan D. Irvine … (2018)
            Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease, with a lifetime prevalence of up to 20% and substantial effects on quality of life. AD is characterized by intense itch, recurrent eczematous lesions and a fluctuating course. AD has a strong heritability component and is closely related to and commonly co-occurs with other atopic diseases (such as asthma and allergic rhinitis). Several pathophysiological mechanisms contribute to AD aetiology and clinical manifestations. Impairment of epidermal barrier function, for example, owing to deficiency in the structural protein filaggrin, can promote inflammation and T cell infiltration. The immune response in AD is skewed towards T helper 2 cell-mediated pathways and can in turn favour epidermal barrier disruption. Other contributing factors to AD onset include dysbiosis of the skin microbiota (in particular overgrowth of Staphylococcus aureus), systemic immune responses (including immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated sensitization) and neuroinflammation, which is involved in itch. Current treatments for AD include topical moisturizers and anti-inflammatory agents (such as corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors and cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors), phototherapy and systemic immunosuppressants. Translational research has fostered the development of targeted small molecules and biologic therapies, especially for moderate-to-severe disease.
            Article 0 comments Cited 432 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study.

              H Wisplinghoff, T Bischoff, S. M. Tallent … (2004)
              Nosocomial bloodstream infections (BSIs) are important causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Data from a nationwide, concurrent surveillance study (Surveillance and Control of Pathogens of Epidemiological Importance [SCOPE]) were used to examine the secular trends in the epidemiology and microbiology of nosocomial BSIs. Our study detected 24,179 cases of nosocomial BSI in 49 US hospitals over a 7-year period from March 1995 through September 2002 (60 cases per 10,000 hospital admissions). Eighty-seven percent of BSIs were monomicrobial. Gram-positive organisms caused 65% of these BSIs, gram-negative organisms caused 25%, and fungi caused 9.5%. The crude mortality rate was 27%. The most-common organisms causing BSIs were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (31% of isolates), Staphylococcus aureus (20%), enterococci (9%), and Candida species (9%). The mean interval between admission and infection was 13 days for infection with Escherichia coli, 16 days for S. aureus, 22 days for Candida species and Klebsiella species, 23 days for enterococci, and 26 days for Acinetobacter species. CoNS, Pseudomonas species, Enterobacter species, Serratia species, and Acinetobacter species were more likely to cause infections in patients in intensive care units (P<.001). In neutropenic patients, infections with Candida species, enterococci, and viridans group streptococci were significantly more common. The proportion of S. aureus isolates with methicillin resistance increased from 22% in 1995 to 57% in 2001 (P<.001, trend analysis). Vancomycin resistance was seen in 2% of Enterococcus faecalis isolates and in 60% of Enterococcus faecium isolates. In this study, one of the largest multicenter studies performed to date, we found that the proportion of nosocomial BSIs due to antibiotic-resistant organisms is increasing in US hospitals.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Curr Med Mycol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Curr Med Mycol
                Title: Current Medical Mycology
                Publisher: Iranian Society of Medical Mycology (Iran, Sari )
                ISSN (Print): 2423-3439
                ISSN (Electronic): 2423-3420
                Publication date (Print): September 2022
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 1-8
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
                [2 ] Instituto Hondureño de Seguridad Social, Tegucigalpa, FM, Honduras
                [3 ] Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
                Author notes
                *Corresponding author: Gustavo Fontecha Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
                Article
                Publisher ID: CMM-8-3
                DOI: 10.18502/cmm.8.3.11212
                PMC ID: 10084484
                SO-VID: 614b5016-eded-4984-883c-9f479cb36611
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2021, Published by Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences on behalf of Iranian Society of Medical Mycology and Invasive Fungi Research Center.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ) which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                Date revision received : 28 July 2022
                Date accepted : 05 September 2022
                Date received : 27 May 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: cryptic species, candida albicans complex, hwp1 gene, gpi gene
                Data availability:
                Keywords: cryptic species, candida albicans complex, hwp1 gene, gpi gene

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