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      The Challenges of 21st Century Neurotoxicology: The Case of Neurotoxicology Applied to Nanomaterials

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          Abstract

          After a short background discussing engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) and their physicochemical properties and applications, the present perspective paper highlights the main specific points that need to be considered when examining the question of neurotoxicity of nanomaterials. It underlines the necessity to integrate parameters, specific tools, and tests from multiple sources that make neurotoxicology when applied to nanomaterials particularly complex. Bringing together the knowledge of multiple disciplines e.g., nanotoxicology to neurotoxicology, is necessary to build integrated neurotoxicology for the third decade of the 21st Century. This article focuses on the greatest challenges and opportunities offered by this specific field. It highlights the scientific, methodological, political, regulatory, and educational issues. Scientific and methodological challenges include the determination of ENMs physicochemical parameters, the lack of information about protein corona modes of action, target organs, and cells and dose– response functions of ENMs. The need of standardization of data collection and harmonization of dedicated neurotoxicological protocols are also addressed. This article highlights how to address those challenges through innovative methods and tools, and our work also ventures to sketch the first list of substances that should be urgently prioritized for human modern neurotoxicology. Finally, political support with dedicated funding at the national and international levels must also be used to engage the communities concerned to set up dedicated educational program on this novel field.

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          Most cited references45

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          Does the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles depend on the shape of the nanoparticle? A study of the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli.

          In this work we investigated the antibacterial properties of differently shaped silver nanoparticles against the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, both in liquid systems and on agar plates. Energy-filtering transmission electron microscopy images revealed considerable changes in the cell membranes upon treatment, resulting in cell death. Truncated triangular silver nanoplates with a {111} lattice plane as the basal plane displayed the strongest biocidal action, compared with spherical and rod-shaped nanoparticles and with Ag(+) (in the form of AgNO(3)). It is proposed that nanoscale size and the presence of a {111} plane combine to promote this biocidal property. To our knowledge, this is the first comparative study on the bactericidal properties of silver nanoparticles of different shapes, and our results demonstrate that silver nanoparticles undergo a shape-dependent interaction with the gram-negative organism E. coli.
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            The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles.

            Nanotechnology is expected to open new avenues to fight and prevent disease using atomic scale tailoring of materials. Among the most promising nanomaterials with antibacterial properties are metallic nanoparticles, which exhibit increased chemical activity due to their large surface to volume ratios and crystallographic surface structure. The study of bactericidal nanomaterials is particularly timely considering the recent increase of new resistant strains of bacteria to the most potent antibiotics. This has promoted research in the well known activity of silver ions and silver-based compounds, including silver nanoparticles. The present work studies the effect of silver nanoparticles in the range of 1-100 nm on Gram-negative bacteria using high angle annular dark field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Our results indicate that the bactericidal properties of the nanoparticles are size dependent, since the only nanoparticles that present a direct interaction with the bacteria preferentially have a diameter of approximately 1-10 nm.
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              Complementing the genome with an "exposome": the outstanding challenge of environmental exposure measurement in molecular epidemiology.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Toxicol
                Front Toxicol
                Front. Toxicol.
                Frontiers in Toxicology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                2673-3080
                18 February 2021
                2021
                18 February 2021
                : 3
                : 629256
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Anses Laboratoire de Lyon, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Université de Lyon , Lyon, France
                [2] 2Pôle Santé-Environnement, Service d'Etudes et d'expertise en Radioprotection, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire , Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
                Author notes

                Edited by: Timothy J. Shafer, United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), United States

                Reviewed by: David M. Reif, North Carolina State University, United States; Vivek Lawana, American Preclinical Services (APS), United States

                *Correspondence: Anna Bencsik anna.bencsik@ 123456anses.fr

                This article was submitted to Neurotoxicology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Toxicology

                Article
                10.3389/ftox.2021.629256
                8915904
                5f610d02-ce4f-421e-a37e-2dc595fe8386
                Copyright © 2021 Bencsik and Lestaevel.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 14 November 2020
                : 04 January 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 46, Pages: 7, Words: 5311
                Categories
                Toxicology
                Perspective

                engineered nanomaterials,neurotoxicology,characterization,risk assessment,aop,human health,protein corona,substance prioritization

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