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      The impact of body mass index on prostate cancer: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis

      research-article
      Author(s): , PhD, FRSPH, FRSM, mRSB a , * , , , MD, ObGyn b , , PhD c
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Medicine
      Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
      Keywords: body mass index, obesity, overweight, prostate cancer, risk factor

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          Background:

          Increasing evidence suggested obesity was associated with the risk of prostate cancer. Also, the association between prostate cancer risk and obesity has received much attention in recent years, but the results are still unclear. Therefore, the current systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of body mass index (BMI) on prostate cancer.

          Methods:

          We systematically searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Cochrane databases with the appropriate key terms to identify the eligible articles related to the impact of BMI on prostate cancer. The Newcastle-Ottawa checklist was used for the quality assessment of studies, and the meta-analysis was carried out using Review Manager 5.3.

          Results:

          The present review includes 23 studies that fulfilled the criteria for inclusion. In the meta-analysis, a significant difference was observed between the obese and normal weight ( P < .001) and 54% of obese has a risk compared to normal weight. Heterogeneity between the fifteen studies was high ( I 2 = 100%). Test for overall effect: Z = 8.77 ( P < .001) (odds ratio [OR] = 0.32 confidence interval [CI]: 0.25–0.42). However, there was no significant difference observed between the overweight and normal weight ( P = .75). Heterogeneity between the fifteen studies is high ( I 2 = 100%).

          Conclusion:

          Prostate cancer is a common malignancy that poses a threat to the health of men. Obesity is associated with a higher risk of death from prostate cancer based on the findings of the included studies. Furthermore, wherever possible, the impact of weight change on prostate cancer patient mortality should be investigated.

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          Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries

          Ahmedin Jemal, Lindsey A Torre, Rebecca Siegel … (2018)
          This article provides a status report on the global burden of cancer worldwide using the GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, with a focus on geographic variability across 20 world regions. There will be an estimated 18.1 million new cancer cases (17.0 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 9.6 million cancer deaths (9.5 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) in 2018. In both sexes combined, lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer (11.6% of the total cases) and the leading cause of cancer death (18.4% of the total cancer deaths), closely followed by female breast cancer (11.6%), prostate cancer (7.1%), and colorectal cancer (6.1%) for incidence and colorectal cancer (9.2%), stomach cancer (8.2%), and liver cancer (8.2%) for mortality. Lung cancer is the most frequent cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among males, followed by prostate and colorectal cancer (for incidence) and liver and stomach cancer (for mortality). Among females, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, followed by colorectal and lung cancer (for incidence), and vice versa (for mortality); cervical cancer ranks fourth for both incidence and mortality. The most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death, however, substantially vary across countries and within each country depending on the degree of economic development and associated social and life style factors. It is noteworthy that high-quality cancer registry data, the basis for planning and implementing evidence-based cancer control programs, are not available in most low- and middle-income countries. The Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development is an international partnership that supports better estimation, as well as the collection and use of local data, to prioritize and evaluate national cancer control efforts. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2018;0:1-31. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
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            Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer

            Prashanth Rawla (2019)
            Prostate cancer is the second most frequent cancer diagnosis made in men and the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. Prostate cancer may be asymptomatic at the early stage and often has an indolent course that may require only active surveillance. Based on GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates, 1,276,106 new cases of prostate cancer were reported worldwide in 2018, with higher prevalence in the developed countries. Differences in the incidence rates worldwide reflect differences in the use of diagnostic testing. Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates are strongly related to the age with the highest incidence being seen in elderly men (> 65 years of age). African-American men have the highest incidence rates and more aggressive type of prostate cancer compared to White men. There is no evidence yet on how to prevent prostate cancer; however, it is possible to lower the risk by limiting high-fat foods, increasing the intake of vegetables and fruits and performing more exercise. Screening is highly recommended at age 45 for men with familial history and African-American men. Up-to-date statistics on prostate cancer occurrence and outcomes along with a better understanding of the etiology and causative risk factors are essential for the primary prevention of this disease.
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              Insulin Resistance and Cancer Risk: An Overview of the Pathogenetic Mechanisms

              Biagio Arcidiacono, Stefania Iiritano, Aurora Nocera … (2012)
              Insulin resistance is common in individuals with obesity or type 2 diabetes (T2D), in which circulating insulin levels are frequently increased. Recent epidemiological and clinical evidence points to a link between insulin resistance and cancer. The mechanisms for this association are unknown, but hyperinsulinaemia (a hallmark of insulin resistance) and the increase in bioavailable insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) appear to have a role in tumor initiation and progression in insulin-resistant patients. Insulin and IGF-I inhibit the hepatic synthesis of sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG), whereas both hormones stimulate the ovarian synthesis of sex steroids, whose effects, in breast epithelium and endometrium, can promote cellular proliferation and inhibit apoptosis. Furthermore, an increased risk of cancer among insulin-resistant patients can be due to overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage DNA contributing to mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. On the other hand, it is possible that the abundance of inflammatory cells in adipose tissue of obese and diabetic patients may promote systemic inflammation which can result in a protumorigenic environment. Here, we summarize recent progress on insulin resistance and cancer, focusing on various implicated mechanisms that have been described recently, and discuss how these mechanisms may contribute to cancer initiation and progression.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Mohamed Chahine
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Medicine (Baltimore)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Medicine (Baltimore)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): MD
                Title: Medicine
                Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (Hagerstown, MD )
                ISSN (Print): 0025-7974
                ISSN (Electronic): 1536-5964
                Publication date Collection: 11 November 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 11 November 2022
                Volume: 101
                Issue: 45
                Electronic Location Identifier: e30191
                Affiliations
                [a ] Public Health and Medical Research, Charisma University, Grace Bay, Turks and Caicos Islands, Train to Teach in Medicine, Department of Postgraduate Medical Education, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Doctor of Health Sciences Candidate, MCPHS University, Boston, MA, USA
                [b ] Clinical Research, TRG GEN+, Beirut, Lebanon
                [c ] Biological and Chemical Technology, International Medical Institute, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation.
                Author notes
                * Correspondence: Nikolaos Tzenios, Public Health and Medical Research, Charisma University, Grace Bay, Turks and Caicos Islands, Train to Teach in Medicine, Department of Postgraduate Medical Education, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Doctor of Health Sciences Candidate, MCPHS University, 3 Walham Yard, London SW6 1JA, UK (e-mail: Nicolas@ 123456trccolleges.com ).
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6679-2296
                Article
                Accession ID: 00107
                DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000030191
                PMC ID: 9666096
                PubMed ID: 36397423
                SO-VID: 53222af3-145d-4767-992c-5f0373254d3a
                Copyright © Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CCBY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 27 January 2022
                Date received : 29 April 2022
                Date accepted : 03 May 2022
                Categories
                Subject: 5700
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
                Custom metadata
                OPEN-ACCESS TRUE

                Keywords: body mass index,obesity,overweight,prostate cancer,risk factor
                Data availability:
                Keywords: body mass index, obesity, overweight, prostate cancer, risk factor

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