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      A global study on job and career satisfaction of early-career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists

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          Abstract

          Background

          Job and career satisfaction of early-career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists is imperative to ensure a motivated and effective workforce, and a secure future for pharmacy practice. In turn, this enables planning, deployment and long term implementation of global imperatives, through universal pharmacy coverage.

          Objectives

          This study used data from a global survey to determine the level of job and career satisfaction and identify factors that are most significant in determining satisfaction in early-career professionals.

          Methods

          A cross-sectional survey was distributed to members of the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) Young Pharmacists Group (YPG) via email and social media platforms from November 2019 to May 2020. A previously validated questionnaire using 5-point Likert scales was used. Data were analysed by exploratory factor analysis, using principal component analysis, oblique rotation, and reliability testing of identified components, followed by a comparative statistical analysis.

          Results

          A total of 1014 respondents from 92 countries participated in this study. Regions of domicile significantly affected job satisfaction ( p = 0.004) and career satisfaction ( p < 0.0001) scores. Pharmacists working in community pharmacies perceived lower job satisfaction measures compared to those who work in academic institutions ( p < 0.0001) and industry sector ( p = 0.012). There is a negative association between career expectations and job satisfaction and career satisfaction scores. The workplace climate is related to education and training opportunities, lower reported workloads, greater autonomy, and more remuneration.

          Conclusion

          This was an international study of early-career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists. Enhancing factors associated with job and career satisfaction is essential to support early-career pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists in obtaining fulfilment and esteem in their chosen careers. Developing and implementing a well-framed system that provides a conducive working environment, remuneration, and greater autonomy could improve job and career satisfaction. This study provides evidence to support investment in early-career training, stated in the FIP Development Goal 2.

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          COVID-19-Related Mental Health Effects in the Workplace: A Narrative Review

          Gabriele Giorgi, Luigi Isaia Lecca, Federico Alessio … (2020)
          The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has deeply altered social and working environments in several ways. Social distancing policies, mandatory lockdowns, isolation periods, and anxiety of getting sick, along with the suspension of productive activity, loss of income, and fear of the future, jointly influence the mental health of citizens and workers. Workplace aspects can play a crucial role on moderating or worsening mental health of people facing this pandemic scenario. The purpose of this literature review is to deepen the psychological aspects linked to workplace factors, following the epidemic rise of COVID-19, in order to address upcoming psychological critical issues in the workplaces. We performed a literature search using Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus, selecting papers focusing on workers’ psychological problems that can be related to the workplace during the pandemic. Thirty-five articles were included. Mental issues related to the health emergency, such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and sleep disorders are more likely to affect healthcare workers, especially those on the frontline, migrant workers, and workers in contact with the public. Job insecurity, long periods of isolation, and uncertainty of the future worsen the psychological condition, especially in younger people and in those with a higher educational background. Multiple organizational and work-related interventions can mitigate this scenario, such as the improvement of workplace infrastructures, the adoption of correct and shared anti-contagion measures, including regular personal protective equipment (PPE) supply, and the implementation of resilience training programs. This review sets the basis for a better understanding of the psychological conditions of workers during the pandemic, integrating individual and social perspectives, and providing insight into possible individual, social, and occupational approaches to this “psychological pandemic”.
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            Measurement of human service staff satisfaction: development of the Job Satisfaction Survey.

            P Spector (1985)
            The development of the Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS), a nine-subscale measure of employee job satisfaction applicable specifically to human service, public, and nonprofit sector organizations, is described. The item selection, item analysis, and determination of the final 36-item scale are also described, and data on reliability and validity and the instrument's norms are summarized. Included are a multitrait-multimethod analysis of the JSS and the Job Descriptive Index (JDI), factor analysis of the JSS, and scale intercorrelations. Correlation of JSS scores with criteria of employee perceptions and behaviors for multiple samples were consistent with findings involving other satisfaction scales and with findings from the private sector. The strongest correlations were with perceptions of the job and supervisor, intention of quitting, and organizational commitment. More modest correlations were found with salary, age, level, absenteeism, and turnover.
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              A cross-sectional study exploring the relationship between burnout, absenteeism, and job performance among American nurses

              Liselotte Dyrbye, Tait Shanafelt, Pamela Johnson … (2019)
              Background Studies suggest a high prevalence of burnout among nurses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between burnout among nurses and absenteeism and work performance. Methods A national sample of U.S. nurses was sent an anonymous, cross-sectional survey in 2016. The survey included items about demographics, fatigue, and validated instruments to measure burnout, absenteeism, and poor work performance in the last month. Results Of the 3098 nurses who received the survey, 812 (26.2%) responded. The mean age was 52.3 years (SD 12.5), nearly all were women (94.5%) and most were married (61.9%) and had a child (75.2%). Participating nurses had a mean of 25.7 (SD 13.9) years of experience working as nurse and most held a baccalaureate (38.2%) or masters of science (37.1%) degree in nursing. A quarter worked in the inpatient setting (25.5%) and the average hours worked per week was 41.3 (SD 14.1). Overall, 35.3% had symptoms of burnout, 30.7% had symptoms of depression, 8.3% had been absent 1 or more days in the last month due to personal health, and 43.8% had poor work performance in the last month. Nurses who had burnout were more likely to have been absent 1 or more days in the last month (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.25–2.72) and have poor work performance (referent: high performer; medium performer, OR 2.68,95% CI 1.82–3.99; poor performer, OR 5.01, 95% CI 3.09–8.14). After adjusting for age, sex, relationship and parental status, highest academic degree, practice setting, burnout, depression, and satisfaction with work-life integration, nurses who were more fatigued (for each point worsening, OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.10–1.37) were more likely to have had absenteeism while those who worked more hours (for each additional hour OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.96–1.00) were less likely to have had absenteeism. Factors independently associated with poor work performance included burnout (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.43–3.24) and fatigue (for each point of worsening, OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.12–1.33). Conclusions These findings suggest burnout is prevalent among nurses and likely impacts work performance.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Sherly Meilianti
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm
                Title: Exploratory Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2667-2766
                Publication date PMC-release: 29 January 2022
                Publication date Collection: March 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 January 2022
                Volume: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: 100110
                Affiliations
                [a ]UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
                [b ]International Pharmaceutical Federation, Andries Bickerweg 5, 2517, JP, The Hague, Netherlands
                [c ]Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Rd, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom. sherly.meilianti.15@ 123456ucl.ac.uk
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2667-2766(22)00009-9 Publisher ID: 100110
                DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2022.100110
                PMC ID: 9032442
                PubMed ID: 35478526
                SO-VID: 4d37bc50-2057-4469-b8ab-512ca24260be
                Copyright © © 2022 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 25 October 2021
                Date revision received : 25 January 2022
                Date accepted : 26 January 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: career satisfaction,early-career pharmacist,early-career pharmaceutical scientist,job satisfaction,policy,pharmacy workforce and intelligence
                Data availability:
                Keywords: career satisfaction, early-career pharmacist, early-career pharmaceutical scientist, job satisfaction, policy, pharmacy workforce and intelligence

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