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      Morphometric Differences of Vocal Tract Articulators in Different Loudness Conditions in Singing

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Dynamic MRI analysis of phonation has gathered interest in voice and speech physiology. However, there are limited data addressing the extent to which articulation is dependent on loudness.

          Material and Methods

          12 professional singer subjects of different voice classifications were analysed concerning the vocal tract profiles recorded with dynamic real-time MRI with 25fps in different pitch and loudness conditions. The subjects were asked to sing ascending scales on the vowel /a/ in three loudness conditions (comfortable = mf, very soft = pp, very loud = ff, respectively). Furthermore, fundamental frequency and sound pressure level were analysed from the simultaneously recorded optical audio signal after noise cancellation.

          Results

          The data show articulatory differences with respect to changes of both pitch and loudness. Here, lip opening and pharynx width were increased. While the vertical larynx position was rising with pitch it was lower for greater loudness. Especially, the lip opening and pharynx width were more strongly correlated with the sound pressure level than with pitch.

          Conclusion

          For the vowel /a/ loudness has an effect on articulation during singing which should be considered when articulatory vocal tract data are interpreted.

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          Most cited references42

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          Influence of sound immersion and communicative interaction on the Lombard effect.

          To examine the influence of sound immersion techniques and speech production tasks on speech adaptation in noise. In Experiment 1, we compared the modification of speakers' perception and speech production in noise when noise is played into headphones (with and without additional self-monitoring feedback) or over loudspeakers. We also examined how this sound immersion effect depends on noise type (broadband or cocktail party) and level (from 62 to 86dB SPL). In Experiment 2, we compared the modification of acoustic and lip articulatory parameters in noise when speakers interact or not with a speech partner. Speech modifications in noise were greater when cocktail party noise was played in headphones than over loudspeakers. Such an effect was less noticeable in broadband noise. Adding a self-monitoring feedback into headphones reduced this effect but did not completely compensate for it. Speech modifications in noise were greater in interactive situation and concerned parameters that may not be related to voice intensity. The results support the idea that the Lombard effect is both a communicative adaptation and an automatic regulation of vocal intensity. The influence of auditory and communicative factors has some methodological implications on the choice of appropriate paradigms to study the Lombard effect.
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            Toward a consensus on symbolic notation of harmonics, resonances, and formants in vocalization

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              Regulatory Mechanism of Voice Intensity Variation

              The relationship between the voice intensity (sound pressure level), the subglottic pressure, the air flow rate, and the glottal resistance was investigated. Simultaneous recordings were made of the sound pressure level of voice, the subglottic pressure, the flow rate, and the volume of air utilized during phonation. The glottal resistance, the subglottic power, and the efficiency of voice were calculated from the data. It was found that on very low frequency phonation the flow rate remained almost unchanged or even slightly decreased with the increase in voice intensity while the glottal resistance showed a tendency to augment with increased voice intensity. In contrast to this, the flow rate on high frequency phonation was found to increase greatly, while the glottal resistance remained almost unchanged as the voice intensity increased. On the basis of the data it was concluded that at very low pitches, the glottal resistance is dominant in controlling intensity (laryngeal control), becoming less so as the pitch is raised, until at extremely high pitch the intensity is controlled almost entirely by the flow rate (expiratory muscle control).
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                20 April 2016
                2016
                : 11
                : 4
                : e0153792
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Musicians’ Medicine, Freiburg University Medical Center, Breisacher Str. 60, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
                [2 ]Department of Medical Physics, Radiology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Breisacher Str. 60, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
                [3 ]Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Kilianstr. 5, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
                Utrecht University, NETHERLANDS
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: ME LT BR. Performed the experiments: ME FB LT MB BR. Analyzed the data: ME FB LT MB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: FB MB. Wrote the paper: ME FB MB LT BR.

                Article
                PONE-D-15-43336
                10.1371/journal.pone.0153792
                4838265
                27096935
                401f1758-a866-4185-904c-81cef365d5c4
                © 2016 Echternach et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 2 October 2015
                : 4 April 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 4, Pages: 17
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft;
                Award ID: grant 1050/4-1
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft;
                Award ID: Ec409/1-1
                Award Recipient :
                This study is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. The funder had no role in study design, data collection, and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Jaw
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Jaw
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Digestive System
                Pharynx
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Digestive System
                Pharynx
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Respiratory System
                Pharynx
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Respiratory System
                Pharynx
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Diagnostic Medicine
                Diagnostic Radiology
                Magnetic Resonance Imaging
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Imaging Techniques
                Diagnostic Radiology
                Magnetic Resonance Imaging
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Radiology and Imaging
                Diagnostic Radiology
                Magnetic Resonance Imaging
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Neck
                Throat
                Larynx
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Neck
                Throat
                Larynx
                Social Sciences
                Linguistics
                Phonetics
                Vowels
                Engineering and Technology
                Signal Processing
                Audio Signal Processing
                Physical Sciences
                Physics
                Acoustics
                Sound Pressure
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Digestive System
                Mouth
                Tongue
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Digestive System
                Mouth
                Tongue
                Custom metadata
                Raw data are provided in the supplementary material. Only anonymous data are available.

                Uncategorized
                Uncategorized

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