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      Sulfur Mustard and Immunology; Trends of 20 Years Research in the Web of Science Core Collection: A Scientometric Review

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          Abstract

          Background:

          We aimed to use the scientometric approach to evaluate immunological studies on the subject of sulfur mustard over the past 20 years.

          Methods:

          In this scientometric study, the Web of Science Core Collection was searched on the studies about sulfur mustard. The published papers related to the field of immunology were retrieved from these papers. HistCite software and VOSviewer were the applied software packages for bibliometric analysis, information visualization, and creating bibliometric networks.

          Results:

          Over the past 20 years, 741 researchers from 22 countries have published 201 scientific papers in 95 journals. Iran and the United States with 93 and 68 published articles ranked at the top. The Journal of International Immunopharmacology, with 33 published papers, 439 Total Global Citation Score (TGCS), and 105 Total Local Citation Score (TLCS) was the most productive and most influential in this regard. The paper entitled “Biomonitoring of exposure to chemical warfare agents: A review” and another paper entitled “Sardasht-Iran Cohort Study of Chemical Warfare Victims: Design and Methods” were the most influential papers in this topic with 200 TGCS and 27 TLCS, respectively. The most productive and the most influential centers were “Immunoregulation Research Center of Shahed University” and “The Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC),” respectively.

          Conclusion:

          The result of our report as the unique scientometric evaluation of the research on sulfur mustard and Immunology can be used as a roadmap for authors, researchers, and policymakers to define the best ways to allocate their financial and executive resources.

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          Most cited references16

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          Incidence of lung, eye, and skin lesions as late complications in 34,000 Iranians with wartime exposure to mustard agent.

          Approximately 34,000 Iranians known to have sustained mustard agent exposure during the Iran-Iraq war of 1980-1988 and survived over a decade afterwards were screened for distribution of the most commonly occurring medical problems. In order of greatest incidence, these include lesions of the lungs (42.5%), eyes (39.3%), and skin (24.5%). Within each subpopulation, patients were ranked according to severity of lesions. Twenty-three percent to 37% of patients exhibited at least mild coverage, with 1.5% to 4.5% classed as moderate, and a much smaller population (0.023-1.0%) of the 34,000 patients exhibiting extensive (severe) lesional coverage. These results provide a comprehensive overview of the medical problem most common among mustard victims and could serve as a predictor of the likely impact of these weapons on health status of populations exposed to them during ongoing military conflicts.
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            The chronic effects of sulfur mustard exposure.

            Whilst the acute effects of sulfur mustard have been relatively well characterised, the chronic effects of short term but significant exposures are still evolving. The approximately 30,000 Iranian victims of CW exposure from the 1980 to 1988 Iran-Iraq war who are currently being followed form a key population who are now 20 years post-exposure. The key chronic findings in this population reflect the common acute effects of sulfur mustard, and are related to the skin, eye and respiratory system. Excluding pruritus, skin changes appear to settle. Eye symptoms are slowly progressive, however a severe, rapid onset form of keratitis is seen to develop in a number of patients after a latent period of 15-20 years. The respiratory tract also shows progressive deterioration, with bronchiolitis obliterans now being considered the main pathological feature of "mustard lung". In addition, there are other potential effects of sulfur mustard exposure which become evident only in the longer term and which are being investigated, including the development of cancer, immunological and neuropsychiatric changes, and reproductive effects. Finally, a chronic effect of sulfur mustard exposure that is now becoming apparent is the wider long-term social and economic effects of these illnesses on individuals and their families.
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              Scientometrics: State-of-the-art

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Iran J Public Health
                Iran J Public Health
                IJPH
                IJPH
                Iranian Journal of Public Health
                Tehran University of Medical Sciences
                2251-6085
                2251-6093
                July 2020
                : 49
                : 7
                : 1202-1210
                Affiliations
                [1. ]Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
                [2. ]Salouti Eye Research Center, Salouti Eye Clinic, Shiraz, Iran
                [3. ]Vice Chancellery of Research and Technology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
                [4. ]Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                [5. ]Labbafinejad Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                [6. ]Department of Pathology, Mofid Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                [7. ]Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                [8. ]Department of Pathology, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                [9. ]Immunoregulation Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
                [10. ]Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
                [11. ]Ophthalmology Division, Taleghani Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
                Author notes
                Article
                IJPH-49-1202
                10.18502/ijph.v49i7.3573
                7548481
                2bdae387-6db9-4dd4-9af1-42040d167598
                Copyright© Iranian Public Health Association & Tehran University of Medical Sciences

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 16 October 2019
                : 17 December 2019
                Categories
                Review Article

                Public health
                sulfur mustard,immunology,scientometric review
                Public health
                sulfur mustard, immunology, scientometric review

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