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      The Risk of Polite Misunderstandings

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      Current Directions in Psychological Science
      SAGE Publications

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          Politeness and psychological distance: a construal level perspective.

          According to politeness theory (P. Brown & S. Levinson, 1987), politeness serves to both reflect and regulate social distance. On the basis of this notion and on construal level theory (N. Liberman & Y. Trope, 2008; N. Liberman, Y. Trope, & E. Stephan, 2007), it was predicted that politeness would be related to abstract construal, temporal distance, and spatial distance. Eight studies supported this prediction. Politeness increased when the addressees were construed abstractly (Study 1), were temporally distant (Studies 2, 3), and were spatially distant (Study 4). It was also found that increasing politeness produced abstract construals (Study 5), greater temporal distance (Study 6), and greater spatial distance (Study 7, 8). These findings shed light on the way politeness operates in different cultures and is conveyed in different languages, and they support the idea that dimensions of psychological distance are interrelated. Copyright 2009 APA, all rights reserved
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            Does Crew Resource Management Training Work? An Update, an Extension, and Some Critical Needs

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              Rationales for indirect speech: the theory of the strategic speaker.

              Speakers often do not state requests directly but employ innuendos such as Would you like to see my etchings? Though such indirectness seems puzzlingly inefficient, it can be explained by a theory of the strategic speaker, who seeks plausible deniability when he or she is uncertain of whether the hearer is cooperative or antagonistic. A paradigm case is bribing a policeman who may be corrupt or honest: A veiled bribe may be accepted by the former and ignored by the latter. Everyday social interactions can have a similar payoff structure (with emotional rather than legal penalties) whenever a request is implicitly forbidden by the relational model holding between speaker and hearer (e.g., bribing an honest maitre d', where the reciprocity of the bribe clashes with his authority). Even when a hearer's willingness is known, indirect speech offers higher-order plausible deniability by preempting certainty, gossip, and common knowledge of the request. In supporting experiments, participants judged the intentions and reactions of characters in scenarios that involved fraught requests varying in politeness and directness. (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Current Directions in Psychological Science
                Curr Dir Psychol Sci
                SAGE Publications
                0963-7214
                1467-8721
                October 05 2011
                October 05 2011
                : 20
                : 5
                : 321-324
                Article
                10.1177/0963721411418472
                27867947-5917-406f-ade8-395ceea218ee
                © 2011
                History

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