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      Barriers to evidence use for sustainability: Insights from pesticide policy and practice

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          Abstract

          Calls for supporting sustainability through more and better research rest on an incomplete understanding of scientific evidence use. We argue that a variety of barriers to a transformative impact of evidence arises from diverse actor motivations within different stages of evidence use. We abductively specify this variety in policy and practice arenas for three actor motivations (truth-seeking, sense-making, and utility-maximizing) and five stages (evidence production, uptake, influence on decisions, effects on sustainability outcomes, and feedback from outcome evaluations). Our interdisciplinary synthesis focuses on the sustainability challenge of reducing environmental and human health risks of agricultural pesticides. It identifies barriers resulting from (1) truth-seekers’ desire to reduce uncertainty that is complicated by evidence gaps, (2) sense-makers’ evidence needs that differ from the type of evidence available, and (3) utility-maximizers’ interests that guide strategic evidence use. We outline context-specific research–policy–practice measures to increase evidence use for sustainable transformation in pesticides and beyond.

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          The global burden of pathogens and pests on major food crops

          Crop pathogens and pests reduce the yield and quality of agricultural production. They cause substantial economic losses and reduce food security at household, national and global levels. Quantitative, standardized information on crop losses is difficult to compile and compare across crops, agroecosystems and regions. Here, we report on an expert-based assessment of crop health, and provide numerical estimates of yield losses on an individual pathogen and pest basis for five major crops globally and in food security hotspots. Our results document losses associated with 137 pathogens and pests associated with wheat, rice, maize, potato and soybean worldwide. Our yield loss (range) estimates at a global level and per hotspot for wheat (21.5% (10.1-28.1%)), rice (30.0% (24.6-40.9%)), maize (22.5% (19.5-41.1%)), potato (17.2% (8.1-21.0%)) and soybean (21.4% (11.0-32.4%)) suggest that the highest losses are associated with food-deficit regions with fast-growing populations, and frequently with emerging or re-emerging pests and diseases. Our assessment highlights differences in impacts among crop pathogens and pests and among food security hotspots. This analysis contributes critical information to prioritize crop health management to improve the sustainability of agroecosystems in delivering services to societies.
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            Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers

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              Theory Construction in Qualitative Research

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                benjamin.hofmann@eawag.ch
                karin.ingold@unibe.ch
                christian.stamm@eawag.ch
                priska.ammann@swisstph.ch
                rik.eggen@eawag.ch
                rofinger@ethz.ch
                samuel.fuhrimann@swisstph.ch
                judit.lienert@eawag.ch
                jennifer.mark@fibl.org
                cmccallum@ethz.ch
                nicole.probst@swisstph.ch
                ueli.reber@eawag.ch
                lucius.tamm@fibl.org
                milena.wiget@eawag.ch
                mirko.winkler@swisstph.ch
                lzachmann@ethz.ch
                sabine.hoffmann@eawag.ch
                Journal
                Ambio
                Ambio
                Ambio
                Springer Netherlands (Dordrecht )
                0044-7447
                1654-7209
                17 November 2022
                17 November 2022
                February 2023
                : 52
                : 2
                : 425-439
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.418656.8, ISNI 0000 0001 1551 0562, Department of Environmental Social Sciences, , Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, ; Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
                [2 ]GRID grid.5734.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0726 5157, Institute of Political Science, , University of Bern, ; Fabrikstrasse 8, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
                [3 ]GRID grid.5734.5, ISNI 0000 0001 0726 5157, Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, , University of Bern, ; Hochschulstrasse 4, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
                [4 ]GRID grid.418656.8, ISNI 0000 0001 1551 0562, Department of Environmental Chemistry, , Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, ; Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
                [5 ]GRID grid.416786.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0587 0574, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, , Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, ; Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
                [6 ]GRID grid.6612.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0642, University of Basel, ; Basel, Switzerland
                [7 ]GRID grid.418656.8, ISNI 0000 0001 1551 0562, Directorate, , Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, ; Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
                [8 ]GRID grid.5801.c, ISNI 0000 0001 2156 2780, Department of Environmental Systems Science, , ETH Zürich, ; Zurich, Switzerland
                [9 ]GRID grid.5801.c, ISNI 0000 0001 2156 2780, Agricultural Economics and Policy Group, , ETH Zürich, ; Sonneggstrasse 33, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
                [10 ]GRID grid.424520.5, ISNI 0000 0004 0511 762X, Department of Crop Sciences, , FiBL: Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, ; Ackerstrasse 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland
                [11 ]GRID grid.6612.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0642, Faculty of Medicine, , University of Basel, ; Basel, Switzerland
                [12 ]GRID grid.5801.c, ISNI 0000 0001 2156 2780, TdLab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, , ETH Zürich, ; Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5639-098X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8166-1780
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5888-6535
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8046-2560
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2593-9957
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0634-5742
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1861-1737
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1925-3895
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7947-0261
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8561-5976
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8036-4493
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7387-3863
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3362-1853
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6750-8069
                Article
                1790
                10.1007/s13280-022-01790-4
                9755407
                36394771
                2538ea73-2d2c-44da-b60c-3d27c93559fc
                © The Author(s) 2022

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 30 March 2022
                : 25 April 2022
                : 29 August 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001711, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung;
                Award ID: CRSII5_193762
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology
                Categories
                Perspective
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 2023

                Sociology
                agriculture,evidence,pesticides,policy and practice,sustainability,transformation
                Sociology
                agriculture, evidence, pesticides, policy and practice, sustainability, transformation

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