Trophic position of Otodus megalodon and great white sharks through time revealed by zinc isotopes

Abstract

Diet is a crucial trait of an animal’s lifestyle and ecology. The trophic level of an organism indicates its functional position within an ecosystem and holds significance for its ecology and evolution. Here, we demonstrate the use of zinc isotopes (δ ⁶⁶Zn) to geochemically assess the trophic level in diverse extant and extinct sharks, including the Neogene megatooth shark ( Otodus megalodon) and the great white shark ( Carcharodon carcharias). We reveal that dietary δ ⁶⁶Zn signatures are preserved in fossil shark tooth enameloid over deep geologic time and are robust recorders of each species’ trophic level. We observe significant δ ⁶⁶Zn differences among the Otodus and Carcharodon populations implying dietary shifts throughout the Neogene in both genera. Notably, Early Pliocene sympatric C. carcharias and O. megalodon appear to have occupied a similar mean trophic level, a finding that may hold clues to the extinction of the gigantic Neogene megatooth shark.

Abstract

Here the authors demonstrate the use of zinc isotopes (δ ⁶⁶Zn) to geochemically assess trophic levels in extant and extinct sharks. They show that the Neogene megatooth shark ( Otodus megalodon) and the great white shark ( Carcharodon carcharias) occupied a similar trophic level.