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      Recomendações para a Vacinação contra o Herpes Zoster: Documento de Consenso da Sociedade Portuguesa de Medicina Interna e da Associação Portuguesa de Medicina Geral e Familiar Translated title: Recommendations for Herpes Zoster Vaccination: Consensus Report from the Portuguese Society of Internal Medicine and the Portuguese Association of General and Family Medicine

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          Abstract

          Resumo O herpes zoster (HZ), ou zona, é causado pela reativação do vírus varicela zoster latente. Trata-se de uma doença com elevada incidência, associada a grande morbilidade, que pode originar ou agravar uma situação de fragilidade do doente, o que realça a importância da vacinação. Entre os fatores de risco para HZ e nevralgia pós-herpética (NPH), a sua principal complicação, encontram-se a idade, a imunossupressão e a presença de doenças crónicas. A vacinação é uma estratégia eficaz na prevenção do HZ e da NPH. Em Portugal, estão disponíveis duas vacinas contra o HZ: a vacina viva atenuada e a vacina recombinante, a qual apresenta elevada eficácia contra o HZ e suas complicações, especialmente nas populações de maior risco, imunodeprimidas e com imunossenescência que têm contraindicação para a formulação viva atenuada. Contudo, a vacina contra o HZ não consta do Programa Nacional de Vacinação nem existem recomendações nacionais específicas para a imunização. Assim, a Sociedade Portuguesa de Medicina Interna e a As-sociação Portuguesa de Medicina Geral e Familiar elaboraram um documento de consenso que estabelece orientações para a vacinação contra o HZ. Recomenda-se a vacinação contra o HZ em todos os adultos com idade igual ou superior a 50 anos, assim como em adultos com idade entre 18 e 49 anos com risco elevado de zona, nomeadamente doentes com comorbilidades médicas ou imunossupressão. Os adultos imunocompetentes devem ser preferencialmente imunizados com a vacina recombinante, podendo receber a vacina viva atenuada em situações pontuais; os adultos imunocomprometidos só podem ser imunizados com a vacina recombinante. Recomenda-se a vacinação de indivíduos com antecedentes de zona e a imunização com a vacina recombinante de indivíduos previamente vacinados com a vacina viva atenuada. Salienta-se ainda a relevância da promoção da literacia do doente aquando do ato de prescrição da vacina contra o HZ, bem como o papel ativo do médico na sensibilização para a importância da vacinação contra esta patologia.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Herpes zoster (HZ), or shingles, is caused by the reactivation of the latent varicella zoster virus. It is a high-incidence disease, associated with great morbidity, which might create or worsen a patient’s frailty condition, thus reinforcing the importance of vaccination. Among the risk factors for HZ infection and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), its major complication, are age, immunosuppression and the presence of chronic conditions. Vaccination is an efficacious strategy to prevent HZ and PHN. In Portugal, there are two available HZ vaccines: the live attenuated vaccine and the recombinant vaccine, which demonstrated a high efficacy against HZ and its complications, particularly in the populations with higher risk, immunosuppressed and with immunosenescence for whom live attenuated vaccine is contraindicated. No-twithstanding, the HZ vaccine is not included in the National Vaccination Program and there are not specific national recommendations for immunization. Hence, the Portuguese Society of Internal Medicine and the Portuguese Association of General and Family Medicine elaborated a consensus re-port establishing guidelines for HZ vaccination. Vaccination against HZ is recommended for all adults aged 50 years and over, as well as for adults aged between 18 and 49 years at high risk for HZ, namely patients with comorbidities or immunosuppression. Immunocompetent adults should be preferentially immunized with the recombinant vaccine, although they might receive the live attenuated vaccine in punctual situations; immunocompromised adults should only be immuni-zed with the recombinant vaccine. The vaccination of individuals with a previous HZ episode is recommended, and individuals with prior immunization with the live attenuated vaccine should receive the recombinant vaccine. Promoting patient’s literacy when prescribing HZ vaccine is highly relevant, and the physician should have an active role in raising awareness about the importance of shingles vaccination.

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          Most cited references64

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          Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults.

          In previous phase 1-2 clinical trials involving older adults, a subunit vaccine containing varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein E and the AS01B adjuvant system (called HZ/su) had a clinically acceptable safety profile and elicited a robust immune response.
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            Systematic review of incidence and complications of herpes zoster: towards a global perspective

            Objective The objective of this study was to characterise the incidence rates of herpes zoster (HZ), also known as shingles, and risk of complications across the world. Design We systematically reviewed studies examining the incidence rates of HZ, temporal trends of HZ, the risk of complications including postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) and HZ-associated hospitalisation and mortality rates in the general population. The literature search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE and the WHO library up to December 2013. Results We included 130 studies conducted in 26 countries. The incidence rate of HZ ranged between 3 and 5/1000 person-years in North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific, based on studies using prospective surveillance, electronic medical record data or administrative data with medical record review. A temporal increase in the incidence of HZ was reported in the past several decades across seven countries, often occurring before the introduction of varicella vaccination programmes. The risk of developing PHN varied from 5% to more than 30%, depending on the type of study design, age distribution of study populations and definition. More than 30% of patients with PHN experienced persistent pain for more than 1 year. The risk of recurrence of HZ ranged from 1% to 6%, with long-term follow-up studies showing higher risk (5–6%). Hospitalisation rates ranged from 2 to 25/100 000 person-years, with higher rates among elderly populations. Conclusions HZ is a significant global health burden that is expected to increase as the population ages. Future research with rigorous methods is important.
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              Efficacy of the Herpes Zoster Subunit Vaccine in Adults 70 Years of Age or Older.

              A trial involving adults 50 years of age or older (ZOE-50) showed that the herpes zoster subunit vaccine (HZ/su) containing recombinant varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein E and the AS01B adjuvant system was associated with a risk of herpes zoster that was 97.2% lower than that associated with placebo. A second trial was performed concurrently at the same sites and examined the safety and efficacy of HZ/su in adults 70 years of age or older (ZOE-70).
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                mint
                Medicina Interna
                Medicina Interna
                Sociedade Portuguesa de Medicina Interna (Lisboa, , Portugal )
                0872-671X
                September 2023
                : 30
                : 3
                : 34-45
                Affiliations
                [7] Lisboa orgnameSociedade Portuguesa de Medicina Interna orgdiv1NEDAI - Núcleo de Estudos de Doenças Autoimunes Portugal
                [16] Porto orgnameUniversidade do Porto orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina Portugal
                [1] Lisboa orgnameUniversidade de Lisboa orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina orgdiv2Instituto de Medicina Preventiva e Saúde Pública Portugal
                [13] Lisboa orgnameAssociação Portuguesa de Medicina Geral e Familiar orgdiv1Grupo de Estudos de Dor Portugal
                [6] Porto orgnameUniversidade do Porto orgdiv1Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar orgdiv2UMIB - Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica Portugal
                [5] Porto orgnameCentro Hospitalar e Universitário de Santo António orgdiv1Unidade de Imunologia Clínica Portugal
                [14] Lisboa orgnameClínica CUF Alvalade Portugal
                [4] Lisboa orgnameOrdem dos Médicos orgdiv1Colégio da Competência de Geriatri Portugal
                [9] Lisboa orgnameSociedade Portuguesa de Medicina Interna orgdiv1Núcleo de Estudos de Geriatria Portugal
                [3] Lisboa orgnameSociedade Portuguesa de Medicina Interna orgdiv1Núcleo de Estudos de Geriatria Portugal
                [15] Lisboa orgnameGrupo de Estudos de Saúde do Idoso Portugal
                [2] Lisboa orgnameHospital Cuf Descobertas Portugal
                [12] Braga orgnameUniversidade do Minho orgdiv1Centro de Medicina Digital P5 Portugal
                [10] Viana do Castelo orgnameULSAM - Unidade Local de Saúde do Alto Minho Portugal
                [8] Porto orgnameCentro Hospitalar Universitário São João orgdiv1Serviço de Medicina Interna Portugal
                [11] Braga orgnameUniversidade do Minho orgdiv1Escola de Medicina Portugal
                Article
                S0872-671X2023000300034 S0872-671X(23)03000300034
                10.24950/rspmi.1886
                18ccf0fb-21fd-4e02-8b27-334442cfd7ae

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 07 July 2023
                : 15 May 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 66, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Portugal

                Categories
                Guidelines/ Consensus

                Herpes Zoster,Idoso,Nevralgia Pós-Herpética,Vacina contra Herpes Zoster,Vacinação.,Aged,Herpes Zoster Vaccine,Neuralgia,Vaccination.

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