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      Perioperative complications and mortality in elderly patients following surgery for femoral fracture: prospective observational study Translated title: Complicações perioperatórias e mortalidade em pacientes idosos submetidos a cirurgia para correção de fratura de fêmur: estudo prospectivo observacional

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          Abstract

          Background and objectives

          Perioperative management of femoral fractures in elderly patients has been studied to determine modifiable causes of complications and death. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mortality rate and its causes in the elderly population with FF. We also evaluated perioperative complications and their association with postoperative mortality.

          Method

          In this prospective and observational study, we evaluated 182 patients, by questionnaire and electronic medical record, from the moment of hospitalization to one year after surgery. Statistical analyzes using the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model and Kaplan-Meier curves were performed to detect independent mortality factors.

          Results

          Fifty-six patients (30.8%) died within one year after surgery, and the main cause of death was infection followed by septic shock. The main complication, both preoperatively and postoperatively, was hydroelectrolytic disorder. For every one-unit (one-year) increase in age, the odds ratio for death increased by 4%. With each new preoperative complication, the odds ratio for death increased by 28%. Patients ASA III or IV had a 95% higher odds ratio for death than patients ASA I or II.

          Conclusions

          Increasing age and number of preoperative complications, in addition to ASA classification III or IV, were independent factors of increased risk of death in the population studied. The mortality rate was 30.8%, and infection followed by septic shock was the leading cause of death.

          Resumo

          Justificativa e objetivos

          O manejo perioperatório das fraturas de fêmur em pacientes idosos tem sido estudado com o intuito de determinar causas modificáveis de complicações e óbito. Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar taxa de mortalidade e suas causas na população idosa com fraturas de fêmur. Avaliamos também complicações perioperatórias e sua associação com mortalidade pós-operatória.

          Método

          Neste estudo prospectivo e observacional, avaliamos 182 pacientes, por questionário e prontuário eletrônico, desde o momento da internação até um ano após a cirurgia. Análises estatísticas pelo modelo multivariado de riscos proporcionais de Cox e curvas de Kaplan-Meier foram feitas para detectar fatores independentes de mortalidade.

          Resultados

          Cinquenta e seis pacientes (30,8%) obituaram em até um ano de pós-operatório, sendo que a principal causa determinada de óbito foi infecção seguida de choque séptico. A principal complicação, tanto pré quanto pós-operatória, foi distúrbio hidroeletrolítico. Para cada aumento de uma unidade (em ano) na idade, a razão de chance de vir a óbito aumentou em 4%. A cada nova complicação pré-operatória apresentada, a razão de chance de óbito aumentou em 28%. Os pacientes ASA III ou IV apresentaram razão de chance de óbito, em um ano, 95% maior do que aqueles ASA I ou II.

          Conclusões

          O aumento da idade e do número de complicações pré-operatórias, além da classificação de ASA III ou IV foram fatores independentes de risco aumentado de óbito na população estudada. A taxa de mortalidade foi de 30,8%, sendo que infecção seguida de choque séptico foi a principal causa determinada de óbito.

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          Most cited references34

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          Is operative delay associated with increased mortality of hip fracture patients? Systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression.

          Mortality associated with hip fracture is high in elderly patients. Surgical repair within 24 hr after admission is recommended by The Royal College of Physicians' guidelines; however, the effect of operative delay on mortality remains controversial. The objective of this study was to determine whether operative delay increases mortality in elderly patients with hip fracture. Published English-language reports examining the effect of surgical delay on mortality in patients who underwent hip surgery were identified from electronic databases. The primary outcome was defined as all-cause mortality at 30 days and at one year. Effect sizes with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated by using a DerSimonian-Laird randomeffects model. Sixteen prospective or retrospective observational studies (257,367 patients) on surgical timing and mortality in hip fracture patients were selected. When a cut-off of 48 hr from the time of admission was used to define operative delay, the odds ratio for 30-day mortality was 1.41 (95% CI = 1.29-1.54, P < 0.001), and that for one-year mortality was 1.32 (95% CI = 1.21-1.43, P < 0.001). In hip fracture patients, operative delay beyond 48 hr after admission may increase the odds of 30-day all-cause mortality by 41% and of one-year all-cause mortality by 32%. Potential residual confounding factors in observational studies may limit definitive conclusions. Although routine surgery within 48 hr after admission is hard to achieve in most facilities, anesthesiologists must be aware that an undue delay may be harmful to hip fracture patients, especially those at relatively low risk or those who are young.
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            The aging population and its impact on the surgery workforce.

            To predict the impact of the aging population on the demand for surgical procedures. The population is expanding and aging. According to the US Census Bureau, the domestic population will increase 7.9% by 2010, and 17.0% by 2020. The fastest growing segment of this population consists of individuals over the age of 65; their numbers are expected to increase 13.3% by 2010 and 53.2% by 2020. Data on the age-specific rates of surgical procedures were obtained from the 1996 National Hospital Discharge Survey and the National Survey of Ambulatory Surgery. These procedure rates were combined with corresponding relative value units from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. The result quantifies the amount of surgical work used by an average individual within specific age groups (<15 years old, 15-44 years old, 45-64 years old, 65+ years old). This estimate of work per capita was combined with population forecasts to predict future use of surgical services. Based on the assumption that age-specific per capita use of surgical services will remain constant, we predict significant increases (14-47%) in the amount of work in all surgical fields. These increases vary widely by specialty. The aging of the US population will result in significant growth in the demand for surgical services. Surgeons need to develop strategies to manage an increased workload without sacrificing quality of care.
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              Recovery of health-related quality of life in a United Kingdom hip fracture population. The Warwick Hip Trauma Evaluation--a prospective cohort study.

              Hip fracture is a global public health problem. The National Hip Fracture Database provides a framework for service evaluation in this group of patients in the United Kingdom, but does not collect patient-reported outcome data and is unable to provide meaningful data about the recovery of quality of life. We report one-year patient-reported outcomes of a prospective cohort of patients treated at a single major trauma centre in the United Kingdom who sustained a hip fracture between January 2012 and March 2014. There was an initial marked decline in quality of life from baseline measured using the EuroQol 5 Dimensions score (EQ-5D). It was followed by a significant improvement to 120 days for all patients. Although their quality of life improved during the year after the fracture, it was still significantly lower than before injury irrespective of age group or cognitive impairment (mean reduction EQ-5D 0.22; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.17 to 0.26). There was strong evidence that quality of life was lower for patients with cognitive impairment. There was a mean reduction in EQ-5D of 0.28 (95% CI 0.22 to 0.35) in patients < 80 years of age. This difference was consistent (and fixed) throughout follow-up. Quality of life does not improve significantly during recovery from hip fracture in patients over 80 years of age (p = 0.928). Secondary measures of function showed similar trends. Hip fracture marks a step down in the quality of life of a patient: it accounts for approximately 0.22 disability adjusted life years in the first year after fracture. This is equivalent to serious neurological conditions for which extensive funding for research and treatment is made available.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Braz J Anesthesiol
                Braz J Anesthesiol
                Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology
                Elsevier
                0104-0014
                2352-2291
                04 December 2019
                Nov-Dec 2019
                04 December 2019
                : 69
                : 6
                : 569-579
                Affiliations
                [a ]Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Medicina, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
                [b ]Cooperativa dos Anestesiologistas de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
                [c ]Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Medicina, Graduação em Medicina, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
                [d ]Santa Casa de São Carlos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
                [e ]Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Medicina, Serviço de Anestesiologia, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
                [f ]Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Cirurgia e Ortopedia, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
                [g ]Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Anestesiologia, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. talita_ab1@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                S0104-0014(19)30121-6
                10.1016/j.bjane.2019.10.008
                9391847
                31722793
                b9c3f7bd-772e-4e93-9027-b93d1b0f300c
                © 2019 Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 13 March 2019
                : 9 September 2019
                Categories
                Scientific Article

                femoral fractures,postoperative complications,risk factors,mortality,fraturas do fêmur,complicações pós-operatórias,fatores de risco,mortalidade

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