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      COVID-19 pandemic and alcohol consumption: Impacts and interconnections

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          Alcohol consumption is associated with multiple diseases and might contribute to vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 infection. It can also catalyze exacerbations of mental and organic illnesses and predispose to behaviors with an increased risk of infection, severity of disease but also independently of sociopathic behavior and violence. Globally, millions of premature deaths from excessive alcohol consumption occur each year. This paper discusses the effects of increased alcohol consumption and the most important consequences on the health of the population during the social isolation and lockdown during current COVID-19 pandemic.

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          Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health in the General Population: A Systematic Review

          Jiaqi Xiong, Orly Lipsitz, Flora Nasri … (2020)
          Highlights • The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in unprecedented hazards to mental health globally. • Relatively high rates of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychological distress, and stress were reported in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic in eight countries. • Common risk factors associated with mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic include female gender, younger age group (≤40 years), presence of chronic/psychiatric illnesses, unemployment, student status, and frequent exposure to social media/news concerning COVID-19. • Mitigation of COVID-19 induced psychological distress requires government intervention and individual efforts.
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            Effects of COVID-19 Home Confinement on Eating Behaviour and Physical Activity: Results of the ECLB-COVID19 International Online Survey

            Achraf Ammar, Michael Brach, Khaled Trabelsi … (2020)
            Background: Public health recommendations and governmental measures during the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in numerous restrictions on daily living including social distancing, isolation and home confinement. While these measures are imperative to abate the spreading of COVID-19, the impact of these restrictions on health behaviours and lifestyles at home is undefined. Therefore, an international online survey was launched in April 2020, in seven languages, to elucidate the behavioural and lifestyle consequences of COVID-19 restrictions. This report presents the results from the first thousand responders on physical activity (PA) and nutrition behaviours. Methods: Following a structured review of the literature, the “Effects of home Confinement on multiple Lifestyle Behaviours during the COVID-19 outbreak (ECLB-COVID19)” Electronic survey was designed by a steering group of multidisciplinary scientists and academics. The survey was uploaded and shared on the Google online survey platform. Thirty-five research organisations from Europe, North-Africa, Western Asia and the Americas promoted the survey in English, German, French, Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese and Slovenian languages. Questions were presented in a differential format, with questions related to responses “before” and “during” confinement conditions. Results: 1047 replies (54% women) from Asia (36%), Africa (40%), Europe (21%) and other (3%) were included in the analysis. The COVID-19 home confinement had a negative effect on all PA intensity levels (vigorous, moderate, walking and overall). Additionally, daily sitting time increased from 5 to 8 h per day. Food consumption and meal patterns (the type of food, eating out of control, snacks between meals, number of main meals) were more unhealthy during confinement, with only alcohol binge drinking decreasing significantly. Conclusion: While isolation is a necessary measure to protect public health, results indicate that it alters physical activity and eating behaviours in a health compromising direction. A more detailed analysis of survey data will allow for a segregation of these responses in different age groups, countries and other subgroups, which will help develop interventions to mitigate the negative lifestyle behaviours that have manifested during the COVID-19 confinement.
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              Psychosocial impact of COVID-19

              Souvik Dubey, Payel Biswas, Ritwik Ghosh … (2020)
              Background Along with its high infectivity and fatality rates, the 2019 Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) has caused universal psychosocial impact by causing mass hysteria, economic burden and financial losses. Mass fear of COVID-19, termed as “coronaphobia”, has generated a plethora of psychiatric manifestations across the different strata of the society. So, this review has been undertaken to define psychosocial impact of COVID-19. Methods Pubmed and GoogleScholar are searched with the following key terms- “COVID-19”, “SARS-CoV2”, “Pandemic”, “Psychology”, “Psychosocial”, “Psychitry”, “marginalized”, “telemedicine”, “mental health”, “quarantine”, “infodemic”, “social media” and” “internet”. Few news paper reports related to COVID-19 and psychosocial impacts have also been added as per context. Results Disease itself multitude by forced quarantine to combat COVID-19 applied by nationwide lockdowns can produce acute panic, anxiety, obsessive behaviors, hoarding, paranoia, and depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the long run. These have been fueled by an “infodemic” spread via different platforms social media. Outbursts of racism, stigmatization, and xenophobia against particular communities are also being widely reported. Nevertheless, frontline healthcare workers are at higher-risk of contracting the disease as well as experiencing adverse psychological outcomes in form of burnout, anxiety, fear of transmitting infection, feeling of incompatibility, depression, increased substance-dependence, and PTSD. Community-based mitigation programs to combat COVID-19 will disrupt children's usual lifestyle and may cause florid mental distress. The psychosocial aspects of older people, their caregivers, psychiatric patients and marginalized communities are affected by this pandemic in different ways and need special attention. Conclusion For better dealing with these psychosocial issues of different strata of the society, psychosocial crisis prevention and intervention models should be urgently developed by the government, health care personnel and other stakeholders. Apt application of internet services, technology and social media to curb both pandemic and infodemic needs to be instigated. Psychosocial preparedness by setting up mental organizations specific for future pandemics is certainly necessary.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Toxicol Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Toxicol Rep
                Title: Toxicology Reports
                Publisher: Published by Elsevier B.V.
                ISSN (Electronic): 2214-7500
                Publication date PMC-release: 10 March 2021
                Publication date (Print): 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 March 2021
                Volume: 8
                Pages: 529-535
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania
                [b ]CAAT-Europe at the University of Konstanz, 78464, Konstanz, Germany
                [c ]CAAT, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
                [d ]Department of Public Health and Management, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, 050463, Bucharest, Romania
                [e ]ENT Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania
                [f ]Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, School of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
                [g ]Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
                [h ]Department of Analytical and Forensic Medical Toxicology, Sechenov University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
                [i ]Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania
                [j ]Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding authors.
                [1]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2214-7500(21)00046-9
                DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.03.005
                PMC ID: 7944101
                PubMed ID: 33723508
                SO-VID: 09fb1713-7b0e-467b-a1aa-21159ee20111
                Copyright © © 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 8 February 2021
                Date revision received : 1 March 2021
                Date accepted : 4 March 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: covid-19,alcohol consumption,immune response,psychological imbalances,public health
                Data availability:
                Keywords: covid-19, alcohol consumption, immune response, psychological imbalances, public health

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