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      Non-negligible greenhouse gas emissions from non-sewered sanitation systems: A meta-analysis

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          Abstract

          Current methods for estimating sanitation emissions underestimate the significance of methane emissions from non-sewered sanitation systems (NSSS), which are prevalent in many countries. NSSS play a vital role in the safe management of fecal sludge, accounting for approximately half of all existing sanitation provisions. We analyzed the distribution of global NSSS and used IPCC accounting methods to estimate the total methane emissions profiles from these systems. Then, we examined the literature to establish the level of uncertainty associated with this accounting estimate. The global methane emissions from NSSS in 2020 was estimated to as 377 (22–1003) Mt CO 2e/year or 4.7% (0.3%–12.5%) of global anthropogenic methane emissions, which are comparable to the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from wastewater treatment plants. NSSS is the major option for open defecation and is expected to increase by 55 Mt CO 2e/year after complete open defecation free. It is time to acknowledge the GHG emissions from the NSSS as a non-negligible source.

          Highlights

          • •

            The global distribution of NSSS was partially visualized.

          • •

            The CH 4 emission from global NSSS was tentatively calculated.

          • •

            The impact of temperature on the in-situ monitoring was briefly analyzed.

          • •

            The carbon emissions from NSSS and WWTPs were generally compared.

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          The Characterization of Feces and Urine: A Review of the Literature to Inform Advanced Treatment Technology

          William Rose, T Parker, B. Jefferson … (2015)
          The safe disposal of human excreta is of paramount importance for the health and welfare of populations living in low income countries as well as the prevention of pollution to the surrounding environment. On-site sanitation (OSS) systems are the most numerous means of treating excreta in low income countries, these facilities aim at treating human waste at source and can provide a hygienic and affordable method of waste disposal. However, current OSS systems need improvement and require further research and development. Development of OSS facilities that treat excreta at, or close to, its source require knowledge of the waste stream entering the system. Data regarding the generation rate and the chemical and physical composition of fresh feces and urine was collected from the medical literature as well as the treatability sector. The data were summarized and statistical analysis was used to quantify the major factors that were a significant cause of variability. The impact of this data on biological processes, thermal processes, physical separators, and chemical processes was then assessed. Results showed that the median fecal wet mass production was 128 g/cap/day, with a median dry mass of 29 g/cap/day. Fecal output in healthy individuals was 1.20 defecations per 24 hr period and the main factor affecting fecal mass was the fiber intake of the population. Fecal wet mass values were increased by a factor of 2 in low income countries (high fiber intakes) in comparison to values found in high income countries (low fiber intakes). Feces had a median pH of 6.64 and were composed of 74.6% water. Bacterial biomass is the major component (25–54% of dry solids) of the organic fraction of the feces. Undigested carbohydrate, fiber, protein, and fat comprise the remainder and the amounts depend on diet and diarrhea prevalence in the population. The inorganic component of the feces is primarily undigested dietary elements that also depend on dietary supply. Median urine generation rates were 1.42 L/cap/day with a dry solids content of 59 g/cap/day. Variation in the volume and composition of urine is caused by differences in physical exertion, environmental conditions, as well as water, salt, and high protein intakes. Urine has a pH 6.2 and contains the largest fractions of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium released from the body. The urinary excretion of nitrogen was significant (10.98 g/cap/day) with urea the most predominant constituent making up over 50% of total organic solids. The dietary intake of food and fluid is the major cause of variation in both the fecal and urine composition and these variables should always be considered if the generation rate, physical, and chemical composition of feces and urine is to be accurately predicted.
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            Toilet revolution in China

            Shikun Cheng, Zifu Li, Sayed Mohammad Nazim Uddin … (2018)
            The wide-spread prevalence of unimproved sanitation technologies has been a major cause of concern for the environment and public health, and China is no exception to this. Towards the sanitation issue, toilet revolution has become a buzzword in China recently. This paper elaborates the backgrounds, connotations, and actions of the toilet revolution in China. The toilet revolution aims to create sanitation infrastructure and public services that work for everyone and that turn waste into value. Opportunities for implementing the toilet revolution include: fulfilling Millennium Development Goals and new Sustainable Development Goals; government support at all levels for popularizing sanitary toilet; environmental protection to alleviate wastewater pollution; resource recovery from human waste and disease prevention for health and wellbeing improvement. Meanwhile, the challenges faced are: insufficient funding and policy support, regional imbalance and lagging approval processes, weak sanitary awareness and low acceptance of new toilets, lack of R&D and service system. The toilet revolution requires a concerted effort from many governmental departments. It needs to address not only technology implementation, but also social acceptance, economic affordability, maintenance issues and, increasingly, gender considerations. Aligned with the ecological sanitation principles, it calls for understanding issues across the entire sanitation service chain. Public-private partnership is also recommended to absorb private capital to make up the lack of funds, as well as arouse the enthusiasm of the public.
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              Estimating Safely Managed Sanitation in Urban Areas; Lessons Learned From a Global Implementation of Excreta-Flow Diagrams

              Andy Peal, Barbara Evans, Sangaralingam Ahilan … (2020)
              Article 0 comments Cited 21 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Shikun Cheng
                Jinyun Long
                Barbara Evans
                Zhe Zhan
                Tianxin Li
                Cong Chen
                Heinz-Peter Mang
                Zifu Li
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Environ Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Environ Res
                Title: Environmental Research
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Print): 0013-9351
                ISSN (Electronic): 1096-0953
                Publication date PMC-release: 1 September 2022
                Publication date (Print): September 2022
                Volume: 212
                Issue: Pt D
                Electronic Location Identifier: 113468
                Affiliations
                [a ]School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Xueyuan Road No.30, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, PR China
                [b ]School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
                [c ]School of Economics and Management, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Xueyuan Road No.30, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, PR China
                [d ]German Toilet Organization, Paulsenstr. 23/12163, Berlin, Germany
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. chengshikun@ 123456ustb.edu.cn
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author. zifuli@ 123456ustb.edu.cn
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S0013-9351(22)00795-2 Publisher ID: 113468
                DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113468
                PMC ID: 9227720
                PubMed ID: 35597295
                SO-VID: 0834d8cf-eea6-47bb-8e1c-220dbd88e50f
                Copyright © © 2022 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 25 January 2022
                Date revision received : 7 May 2022
                Date accepted : 9 May 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: General environmental science
                Keywords: non-sewered sanitation systems (nsss),ipcc accounting method,ghg emissions,methane emissions
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: General environmental science
                Keywords: non-sewered sanitation systems (nsss), ipcc accounting method, ghg emissions, methane emissions

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