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      Prévalence de Mycoplasma pneumoniae avant et pendant l’épidémie de Covid-19

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      Elsevier Masson SAS.

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          Abstract

          Parmi les mycoplasmes, seul M. pneumoniae présente un pouvoir pathogène respiratoire certain. Le caractère souvent bénin des infections respiratoires â M. pneumoniae fait que la recherche de cette étiologie est rarement demandée et sa fréquence réelle difficile a estimer. Les mycoplasmes sont des bactéries dépourvues de paroi et de protéines de liaison aux pénicillines, d’oü l’inefficacité des bèta-lactamines les concernant. Ce sont les plus petits micro-organismes capables de pousser sur un milieu acellulaire. M. pneumoniae est probablement la cause la plus fréquente des pneumopathies de l’enfant et vient au cinquième rang des agents responsables de pneumopathies communautaires. L’infection pulmonaire â M. pneumoniae débute par l’adhésion des bactéries sur l’épithélium respiratoire, celle-ci étant suffisamment forte pour empècher l’élimination des bactéries par les sécrétions muqueuses et les mouvements ciliaires. Lors de l’infection par M. pneumoniae, la réaction de l’hote consiste essentiellement en une réaction de type inflam- matoire par activation des macrophages, production de cytokines et proliferation lymphocytaire. Toutes les études montrent que c’est l’enfant entre 5 et 9 ans qui est le plus souvent concerné par l’infection â M. pneumoniae. Le délai d’incubation de la maladie est d’une a trois semaines et l’apparition des symptomes (malaise général avec fièvre, céphalées, myalgies, arthralgies et toux, signe de loin le plus constant) se fait de fagon lente et progressive. Influence du Covid-19 sur les infections â M. pneumoniae Un réseau mondial collaboratif a été mis en place pour évaluer l’effet des interventions non pharmaceutiques (masque, gel hydroalcoolique pour le lavage des mains) contre la Covid-19 sur la transmission de M. pneumoniae [1]. Des données provenant de 34 sites de 20 pays d’Europe, d’Asie, des Amériques et d’Océanie ont été recueillies [2]. Les tests utilisés pour la détection des infections a M. pneumoniae ont été les techniques de PCR dans 62,39 % des cas, une combinaison de techniques de PCR et de recherche des anticorps par ELISA dans 34,24 % des cas et les techniques sérologiques seules dans 3,37 % des cas. Les données recueillies par l’intermédiaire de ce réseau ont montré une incidence significativement réduite de M. pneumoniae entre 2020 et 2021 après la mise en reuvre des interventions non pharmaceutiques (1,69 % du 1er avril 2020 au 31 mars 2021) par rapport aux années précédentes (8,61 % entre 2017 et 2020). La réouverture des écoles a eu peu d’effet sur la transmission de M. pneumoniae en 2020, ce qui a paru surprenant car les enfants sont considérés comme étant les principaux moteurs des infections dues a ces bactéries. La levée des interventions non pharmaceutiques a entrainé la résurgence de nombreux agents pathogènes respiratoires. En effet, le réseau a suivi l’incidence des infections a M. pneumoniae durant la période du 1er avril 2021 au 31 mars 2022 au cours de laquelle les interventions non pharmaceutiques ont été assouplies ou interrompues. Il a été constaté une suppression soutenue de M. pneumoniae en 2021-2022 alors que d’autres agents pathogènes sont réapparus comme indicateurs de transmission communautaire (virus respiratoire syncytial, virus Influenza particulier). Compte tenu de la lenteur de multiplication (temps de géné- ration de six heures et de la propagation lente de M. pneumoniae (période d’incubation d’une a trois semaines), un intervalle de temps plus long pourrait etre nécessaire pour la reprise au sein de la population des infections a M. pneumoniae après la levée des interventions non pharmaceutiques. Les mesures de prevention appliquées pendant la pandémie de Covid-19 ayant réduit l'exposition aux germes respiratoires, leur fin pourrait entrainer une vague importante d’infections a M. pneumoniae avec une augmentation des cas sévères ou des manifestations extrapulmonaires. Une surveillance continue des infections a M. pneumoniae permettrait d’alerter sur cette résurgence. Traitement des infections â M. pneumoniae Les mycoplasmes sont habituellement résistants a certaines familles d’antibiotiques (beta-lactamines, rifampicine, polymyxine) et les antibiotiques potentiellement actifs sont les macrolides et apparentés, les fluoroquinolones et les tétracyclines. Jusqu’au début des années 2000 la resistance aux macrolides était exceptionnelle et ces antibiotiques constituaient le traitement de première intention chez l’enfant, les fluoroquinolones étant déconseillés. Actuellement l’observation de plus en plus fréquente de la resistance aux macrolides est en train de devenir un problème de santé publique particulièrement en Asie du Sud, justifiant la surveillance mise en place dans différents sites (Bordeaux, Zürich, Londres, Japon, Cuba, Taiwan) (figure 1).). Figure 1 Résistance actuelle de M. pneumoniae aux macrolides. D'après [3]. Déclaration de liens d’intérets : l’autrice déclare ne pas avoir de liens d'intérets. source D’après une communication de P.M. Meyer Sauteur - Zürich 42e Réunion interdisciplinaire de chimiothérapie anti-infectieuse Paris - le 12 décembre 2022.

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          Most cited references3

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          Fungal infections in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 during the first wave: the French multicentre MYCOVID study

          Background Patients with severe COVID-19 have emerged as a population at high risk of invasive fungal infections (IFIs). However, to our knowledge, the prevalence of IFIs has not yet been assessed in large populations of mechanically ventilated patients. We aimed to identify the prevalence, risk factors, and mortality associated with IFIs in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 under intensive care. Methods We performed a national, multicentre, observational cohort study in 18 French intensive care units (ICUs). We retrospectively and prospectively enrolled adult patients (aged ≥18 years) with RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and requiring mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome, with all demographic and clinical and biological follow-up data anonymised and collected from electronic case report forms. Patients were systematically screened for respiratory fungal microorganisms once or twice a week during the period of mechanical ventilation up to ICU discharge. The primary outcome was the prevalence of IFIs in all eligible participants with a minimum of three microbiological samples screened during ICU admission, with proven or probable (pr/pb) COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) classified according to the recent ECMM/ISHAM definitions. Secondary outcomes were risk factors of pr/pb CAPA, ICU mortality between the pr/pb CAPA and non-pr/pb CAPA groups, and associations of pr/pb CAPA and related variables with ICU mortality, identified by regression models. The MYCOVID study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04368221. Findings Between Feb 29 and July 9, 2020, we enrolled 565 mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19. 509 patients with at least three screening samples were analysed (mean age 59·4 years [SD 12·5], 400 [79%] men). 128 (25%) patients had 138 episodes of pr/pb or possible IFIs. 76 (15%) patients fulfilled the criteria for pr/pb CAPA. According to multivariate analysis, age older than 62 years (odds ratio [OR] 2·34 [95% CI 1·39–3·92], p=0·0013), treatment with dexamethasone and anti-IL-6 (OR 2·71 [1·12–6·56], p=0·027), and long duration of mechanical ventilation (>14 days; OR 2·16 [1·14–4·09], p=0·019) were independently associated with pr/pb CAPA. 38 (7%) patients had one or more other pr/pb IFIs: 32 (6%) had candidaemia, six (1%) had invasive mucormycosis, and one (<1%) had invasive fusariosis. Multivariate analysis of associations with death, adjusted for candidaemia, for the 509 patients identified three significant factors: age older than 62 years (hazard ratio [HR] 1·71 [95% CI 1·26–2·32], p=0·0005), solid organ transplantation (HR 2·46 [1·53–3·95], p=0·0002), and pr/pb CAPA (HR 1·45 [95% CI 1·03–2·03], p=0·033). At time of ICU discharge, survival curves showed that overall ICU mortality was significantly higher in patients with pr/pb CAPA than in those without, at 61·8% (95% CI 50·0–72·8) versus 32·1% (27·7–36·7; p<0·0001). Interpretation This study shows the high prevalence of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and candidaemia and high mortality associated with pr/pb CAPA in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19. These findings highlight the need for active surveillance of fungal pathogens in patients with severe COVID-19. Funding Pfizer.
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            Infection with and Carriage of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Children

            “Atypical” pneumonia was described as a distinct and mild form of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) already before Mycoplasma pneumoniae had been discovered and recognized as its cause. M. pneumoniae is detected in CAP patients most frequently among school-aged children from 5 to 15 years of age, with a decline after adolescence and tapering off in adulthood. Detection rates by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or serology in children with CAP admitted to the hospital amount 4–39%. Although the infection is generally mild and self-limiting, patients of every age can develop severe or extrapulmonary disease. Recent studies indicate that high rates of healthy children carry M. pneumoniae in the upper respiratory tract and that current diagnostic PCR or serology cannot discriminate between M. pneumoniae infection and carriage. Further, symptoms and radiologic features are not specific for M. pneumoniae infection. Thus, patients may be unnecessarily treated with antimicrobials against M. pneumoniae. Macrolides are the first-line antibiotics for this entity in children younger than 8 years of age. Overall macrolides are extensively used worldwide, and this has led to the emergence of macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae, which may be associated with severe clinical features and more extrapulmonary complications. This review focuses on the characteristics of M. pneumoniae infections in children, and exemplifies that simple clinical decision rules may help identifying children at high risk for CAP due to M. pneumoniae. This may aid physicians in prescribing appropriate first-line antibiotics, since current diagnostic tests for M. pneumoniae infection are not reliably predictive.
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              Mycoplasma pneumoniae detections before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: results of a global survey, 2017 to 2021

              Background Mycoplasma pneumoniae respiratory infections are transmitted by aerosol and droplets in close contact. Aim We investigated global M. pneumoniae incidence after implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against COVID-19 in March 2020. Methods We surveyed M. pneumoniae detections from laboratories and surveillance systems (national or regional) across the world from 1 April 2020 to 31 March 2021 and compared them with cases from corresponding months between 2017 and 2020. Macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae (MRMp) data were collected from 1 April 2017 to 31 March 2021. Results Thirty-seven sites from 21 countries in Europe, Asia, America and Oceania submitted valid datasets (631,104 tests). Among the 30,617 M. pneumoniae detections, 62.39% were based on direct test methods (predominantly PCR), 34.24% on a combination of PCR and serology (no distinction between methods) and 3.37% on serology alone (only IgM considered). In all countries, M. pneumoniae incidence by direct test methods declined significantly after implementation of NPIs with a mean of 1.69% (SD ± 3.30) compared with 8.61% (SD ± 10.62) in previous years (p < 0.01). Detection rates decreased with direct but not with indirect test methods (serology) (–93.51% vs + 18.08%; p < 0.01). Direct detections remained low worldwide throughout April 2020 to March 2021 despite widely differing lockdown or school closure periods. Seven sites (Europe, Asia and America) reported MRMp detections in one of 22 investigated cases in April 2020 to March 2021 and 176 of 762 (23.10%) in previous years (p = 0.04). Conclusions This comprehensive collection of M. pneumoniae detections worldwide shows correlation between COVID-19 NPIs and significantly reduced detection numbers.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Professeur de microbiologie
                Journal
                Option/Bio
                Elsevier Masson SAS.
                0992-5945
                0992-5945
                6 June 2023
                May 2023
                6 June 2023
                : 34
                : 669
                : 15-16
                Affiliations
                [1]École nationale de physique-chimie-biologie - Paris
                Article
                S0992-5945(23)00121-6
                10.1016/S0992-5945(23)00121-6
                10243478
                0140a033-75d2-41bd-bcbb-acf5217283c6
                Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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