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      The evolution of Ebola virus: Insights from the 2013-2016 epidemic.

        1 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8
      Nature
      Springer Nature

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          Abstract

          The 2013-2016 epidemic of Ebola virus disease in West Africa was of unprecedented magnitude and changed our perspective on this lethal but sporadically emerging virus. This outbreak also marked the beginning of large-scale real-time molecular epidemiology. Here, we show how evolutionary analyses of Ebola virus genome sequences provided key insights into virus origins, evolution and spread during the epidemic. We provide basic scientists, epidemiologists, medical practitioners and other outbreak responders with an enhanced understanding of the utility and limitations of pathogen genomic sequencing. This will be crucially important in our attempts to track and control future infectious disease outbreaks.

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          Most cited references46

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          Influenza: lessons from past pandemics, warnings from current incidents.

          Recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus infections (H5 and H7 subtypes) in poultry and in humans (through direct contact with infected birds) have had important economic repercussions and have raised concerns that a new influenza pandemic will occur in the near future. The eradication of pathogenic avian influenza viruses seems to be the most effective way to prevent influenza pandemics, although this strategy has not proven successful so far. Here, we review the molecular factors that contribute to the emergence of pandemic strains.
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            Next-generation sequencing platforms.

            Automated DNA sequencing instruments embody an elegant interplay among chemistry, engineering, software, and molecular biology and have built upon Sanger's founding discovery of dideoxynucleotide sequencing to perform once-unfathomable tasks. Combined with innovative physical mapping approaches that helped to establish long-range relationships between cloned stretches of genomic DNA, fluorescent DNA sequencers produced reference genome sequences for model organisms and for the reference human genome. New types of sequencing instruments that permit amazing acceleration of data-collection rates for DNA sequencing have been developed. The ability to generate genome-scale data sets is now transforming the nature of biological inquiry. Here, I provide an historical perspective of the field, focusing on the fundamental developments that predated the advent of next-generation sequencing instruments and providing information about how these instruments work, their application to biological research, and the newest types of sequencers that can extract data from single DNA molecules.
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              The population genetics and evolutionary epidemiology of RNA viruses

              Key Points The authors discuss the main mechanisms of RNA virus evolution — mutation, recombination, natural selection, genetic drift and migration, and how these interact to shape the genetic structure of populations. The quasispecies model of RNA virus evolution is explained and the question of whether this model provides an accurate description of RNA virus evolution is discussed. Experiments that can be carried out to test the basic principles of evolutionary theory are briefly described. The authors review what such experiments have told us about virus evolution and, more widely, what these experiments have revealed in terms of general evolutionary principles. RNA viruses evolve quickly, so a detailed reconstruction of their epidemiological history can be undertaken. The authors show how epidemiological patterns of viruses result from their evolution at two different levels: within individual hosts (and vectors) and among hosts at the population level. Using several examples, including HIV and SARS, the authors describe how studying RNA virus evolution could be used to understand virus emergence. Finally, the important topics of the evolution of virulence and resistance to drugs are discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Nature
                Nature
                Springer Nature
                1476-4687
                0028-0836
                October 13 2016
                : 538
                : 7624
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
                [2 ] Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
                [3 ] Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.
                [4 ] Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.
                [5 ] Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, MSC 2220 Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
                [6 ] The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92037, USA.
                [7 ] The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92037, USA.
                [8 ] Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92037, USA.
                Article
                nature19790
                10.1038/nature19790
                27734858
                343b8b01-fb98-4c6b-bf74-fb06efca84f1
                History

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