Understanding Instagram’s Deep Dive into Teen Mental Health

This paper considers the ‘Teen Mental Health Deep Dive’ slide set created by staff at Instagram in 2019 to present results from internal research and later released publicly along with annotations. The slide set was initially highlighted by the Wall Street Journal in an article focusing on claims within the slide set that use of Instagram was a having a negative impact on teen mental health, especially that social comparison, afforded by features central to the Instagram app, was negatively affecting the mental health of young people. Our goal within this paper was to summarise the content of the slide set from an academic perspective and consider whether the content of the slides provide any insights which are valuable to the HCI community. While the results and conclusions presented within the slides have clear limitations, they did help us identify a set of issues and areas for further investigation.

Content

Author and article information

Contributors

Dan Fitton

Janet C Read

Sheral Thompson

Conference

Publication date: July 2022

Publication date (Print): July 2022

Pages: 1-10

Affiliations

[0001]Child-Computer Interaction Research Group, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.

Article

DOI: 10.14236/ewic/HCI2022.26

SO-VID: 4a212e54-e9af-48b9-9e75-90efd29f040e

License:

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Conference name: 35th International BCS Human-Computer Interaction Conference

Conference acronym: HCI2022

Conference number: 35

Conference location: Keele, Staffordshire

Conference date: July 11th to 13th, 2022

Conference sponsor: Electronic Workshops in Computing (eWiC)

Conference theme: Towards a Human-Centred Digital Society

History

Product

1477-9358 BCS Learning & Development

Self URI (article page): https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.14236/ewic/HCI2022.26

Self URI (journal page): https://ewic.bcs.org/

REFERENCES

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Badillo-Urquiola, K., Smriti, D., Mcnally, B., Golub, E., Bonsignore, E. & Wisniewski, P.J. (2019) “Stranger Danger!” Social Media App Features Co-designed with Children to Keep Them Safe Online. Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children. doi:10.1145/3311927.
Bhattacharya, A., Liang, C., Zeng, E.Y., Shukla, K., Wong, M.E.R., Munson, S.A. & Kientz, J.A. (2019) Engaging Teenagers in Asynchronous Online Groups to Design for Stress Management. Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children. doi:10.1145/3311927.
Bisafar, F.I. & Parker, A.G. (2016) Confidence & control: Examining adolescent preferences for technologies that promote wellness. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW. 27, 160–171. doi:10.1145/2818048.2820028.
Butkowski, C.P., Dixon, T.L. & Weeks, K. (2019) Body Surveillance on Instagram: Examining the Role of Selfie Feedback Investment in Young Adult Women’s Body Image Concerns. Sex Roles. 81 (5–6), 385–397. doi:10.1007/S11199-018-0993-6/FIGURES/2.
Charmaraman, L. & Delcourt, C.G. (2021) Prototyping for socialwellbeing with early social media users belonging, experimentation, and self-care. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings. doi:10.1145/3411764.3445332.
Colusso, L., Bennett, C.L., Hsieh, G. & Munson, S.A. (2017) Translational Resources: Reducing the Gap Between Academic Research and HCI Practice. Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems. doi:10.1145/3064663.
Coyle, D., McGlade, N., Doherty, G. & O’Reilly, G. (2011) Exploratory evaluations of a computer game supporting Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for adolescents. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings. 2937–2946. doi:10.1145/1978942.1979378.
Dohnt, H. & Tiggemann, M. (2006) The contribution of peer and media influences to the development of body satisfaction and self-esteem in young girls: A prospective study. Developmental Psychology. 42 (5), 929–936. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.929.
Dumas, T.M., Maxwell-Smith, M., Davis, J.P. & Giulietti, P.A. (2017) Lying or longing for likes? Narcissism, peer belonging, loneliness and normative versus deceptive like-seeking on Instagram in emerging adulthood. Computers in Human Behavior. 71, 1–10. doi:10.1016/J.CHB.2017.01.037.
Fardouly, J. & Vartanian, L.R. (2016) Social Media and Body Image Concerns: Current Research and Future Directions. Current Opinion in Psychology. 9, 1–5. doi:10.1016/J.COPSYC.2015.09.005.
Fergus, S. & Zimmerman, M.A. (2004) ADOLESCENT RESILIENCE: A Framework for Understanding Healthy Development in the Face of Risk. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144357. 26, 399–419. doi:10.1146/ANNUREV.PUBLHEALTH.26.021304.144357.
Fitton, D., Bell, B.T. & Read, J.C. (2021) Integrating Dark Patterns into the 4Cs of Online Risk in the Context of Young People and Mobile Gaming Apps. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). 12935 LNCS, 701–711. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85610-6_40.
Fredrickson, B.L. & Roberts, T.A. (2016) Objectification Theory: Toward Understanding Women’s Lived Experiences and Mental Health Risks: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x. 21 (2), 173–206. doi:10.1111/J.1471-6402.1997.TB00108.X.
Hartikainen, H., Iivari, N. & Kinnula, M. (2016) Should We design for control, trust or involvement? A discourses survey about children’s online safety. Proceedings of IDC 2016 - The 15th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children. 367–378. doi:10.1145/2930674.2930680.
Høiseth, M. & van Mechelen, M. (2017) Identifying patterns in IDC research: Technologies for improving children’s well-being connected to overweight issues. IDC 2017 - Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Interaction Design and Children. 107–116. doi:10.1145/3078072.3079739.
Holland, G. & Tiggemann, M. (2016) A systematic review of the impact of the use of social networking sites on body image and disordered eating outcomes. Body Image. 17, 100–110. doi:10.1016/J.BODYIM.2016.02.008.
Jones, D.C. (2001) Social Comparison and Body Image: Attractiveness Comparisons to Models and Peers Among Adolescent Girls and Boys. Sex Roles 2001 45:9. 45 (9), 645–664. doi:10.1023/A:1014815725852.
Keyes, K.M., Gary, D., O’Malley, P.M., Hamilton, A. & Schulenberg, J. (2019) Recent increases in depressive symptoms among US adolescents: trends from 1991 to 2018. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 54 (8), 987–996. doi:10.1007/S00127-019-01697-8/FIGURES/3.
Ko, C.H., Yen, J.Y., Chen, C.C., Chen, S.H. & Yen, C.F. (2005) Proposed diagnostic criteria of internet addiction for adolescents. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 193 (11), 728–733. doi:10.1097/01.NMD.0000185891.13719.54.
Kou, Y. & Gray, C.M. (n.d.) A Practice-Led Account of the Conceptual Evolution of UX Knowledge. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 13. doi:10.1145/3290605.
Ma, Y., Veldhuis, A., Bekker, T., Hu, J., Vos, S., ahmveldhuis, tuenl, MMBekker, studenttuenl, JHu, tuenl & SVos, tuenl (2019) A Review of Design Interventions for Promoting Adolescents’ Physical Activity. Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children. doi:10.1145/3311927.
Matthews, M. & Doherty, G. (2011) In the Mood: Engaging Teenagers in Psychotherapy Using Mobile Phones. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. doi:10.1145/1978942.
McLaughlin, K.A. & King, K. (2015) Developmental Trajectories of Anxiety and Depression in Early Adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 43 (2), 311–323. doi:10.1007/S10802-014-9898-1/FIGURES/2.
Miller, A.D. & Mynatt, E.D. (2014) StepStream: A school-based pervasive social fitness system for everyday adolescent health. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings. 2823–2832. doi:10.1145/2556288.2557190.
Moses, T. (2009) Stigma and Self-Concept Among Adolescents Receiving Mental Health Treatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 79 (2), 261–274. doi:10.1037/A0015696.
O’Reilly, M., Dogra, N., Whiteman, N., Hughes, J., Eruyar, S. & Reilly, P. (2018) Is social media bad for mental health and wellbeing? Exploring the perspectives of adolescents. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 23 (4), 601–613. doi:10.1177/1359104518775154.
Orth, U., Maes, J. & Schmitt, M. (2015) Self-esteem development across the life span: A longitudinal study with a large sample from Germany. Developmental Psychology. 51 (2), 248–259. doi:10.1037/A0038481.
Pinter, A.T., Wisniewski, P.J., Xu, H., Rosson, M.B. & Carroll, J.M. (2017) Adolescent online safety: Moving beyond formative evaluations to designing solutions for the future. IDC 2017 - Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Interaction Design and Children. 352–357. doi:10.1145/3078072.3079722.
Poole, E.S., Eiriksdottir, E., Miller, A.D., Xu, Y., Catrambone, R. & Mynatt, E.D. (2013) Designing for spectators and coaches: Social support in pervasive health games for youth. Proceedings of the 2013 7th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare and Workshops, PervasiveHealth 2013. 161–168. doi:10.4108/ICST.PERVASIVEHEALTH.2013.252157.
Radovic, A., Gmelin, T., Stein, B.D. & Miller, E. (2017) Depressed adolescents’ positive and negative use of social media. Journal of Adolescence. 55, 5–15. doi:10.1016/J.ADOLESCENCE.2016.12.002.
Reid, D. & Weigle, P. (2014) Social Media Use among Adolescents: Benefits and Risks. Adolescent Psychiatry. 4 (2), 73–80. doi:10.2174/221067660402140709115810.
Ross, D.A., Hinton, R., Melles-Brewer, M., Engel, D., Zeck, W., et al. (2020) Adolescent Well-Being: A Definition and Conceptual Framework. Journal of Adolescent Health. 67 (4), 472–476. doi:10.1016/J.JADOHEALTH.2020.06.042.
Salomon, I. & Brown, C.S. (2018) The Selfie Generation: Examining the Relationship Between Social Media Use and Early Adolescent Body Image: https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431618770809. 39 (4), 539–560. doi:10.1177/0272431618770809.
Sanoubari, E., Muñoz, J.E., Mahdi, H., Young, J.E., Houston, A. & Dautenhahn, K. (2021) Robots, Bullies and Stories: A Remote Co-design Study with Children; Robots, Bullies and Stories: A Remote Co-design Study with Children. Interaction Design and Children. doi:10.1145/3459990.
Schoenebeck, S., Scott, C.F., Hurley, E.G., Chang, T. & Selkie, E. (2021) Youth Trust in Social Media Companies and Expectations of Justice. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction. 5 (CSCW1). doi:10.1145/3449076.
Shankleman, M., Hammond, L. & Jones, F.W. (2021) Adolescent Social Media Use and Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Thematic Meta-synthesis. Adolescent Research Review. 6 (4), 471–492. doi:10.1007/S40894-021-00154-5/TABLES/6.
Tiggemann, M. & Slater, A. (2013) NetGirls: The Internet, Facebook, and body image concern in adolescent girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 46 (6), 630–633. doi:10.1002/EAT.22141.
Twenge, J.M., Joiner, T.E., Rogers, M.L. & Martin, G.N. (2017) Increases in Depressive Symptoms, Suicide-Related Outcomes, and Suicide Rates Among U.S. Adolescents After 2010 and Links to Increased New Media Screen Time: https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702617723376. 6 (1), 3–17. doi:10.1177/2167702617723376.
Vacca, R. (2019) Brokering Open Data: Co-Designing Technology with Latina Teens to Support Communication with Parents. Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children. 11. doi:10.1145/3311927.
van der Velden, M. & el Emam, K. (2013) “Not all my friends need to know”: a qualitative study of teenage patients, privacy, and social media. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 20 (1), 16–24. doi:10.1136/AMIAJNL-2012-000949.
Webster^1,2, M., Foster¹, E., Comber², R., Bowen², S., Cheetham³, T. & Balaam², M. (2015) Understanding the Lived Experience of Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: Opportunities for Design. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children. doi:10.1145/2771839.
Wisniewski, P., Jia, H., Wang, N., Zheng, S., Xu, H., Rosson, M.B. & Carroll, J.M. (2015) Resilience mitigates the negative effects of adolescent internet addiction and online risk exposure. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings. 2015-April, 4029–4038. doi:10.1145/2702123.2702240.
Woods, H.C. & Scott, H. (2016) #Sleepyteens: Social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem. Journal of Adolescence. 51, 41–49. doi:10.1016/J.ADOLESCENCE.2016.05.008.

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Allen, K.A., Ryan, T., Gray, D.L., McInerney, D.M. & Waters, L. (2014) Social Media Use and Social Connectedness in Adolescents: The Positives and the Potential Pitfalls. The Educational and Developmental Psychologist. 31 (1), 18–31. doi:10.1017/EDP.2014.2.

[2] Badillo-Urquiola, K., Smriti, D., Mcnally, B., Golub, E., Bonsignore, E. & Wisniewski, P.J. (2019) “Stranger Danger!” Social Media App Features Co-designed with Children to Keep Them Safe Online. Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children. doi:10.1145/3311927.

[3] Bhattacharya, A., Liang, C., Zeng, E.Y., Shukla, K., Wong, M.E.R., Munson, S.A. & Kientz, J.A. (2019) Engaging Teenagers in Asynchronous Online Groups to Design for Stress Management. Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children. doi:10.1145/3311927.

[4] Bisafar, F.I. & Parker, A.G. (2016) Confidence & control: Examining adolescent preferences for technologies that promote wellness. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW. 27, 160–171. doi:10.1145/2818048.2820028.

[5] Butkowski, C.P., Dixon, T.L. & Weeks, K. (2019) Body Surveillance on Instagram: Examining the Role of Selfie Feedback Investment in Young Adult Women’s Body Image Concerns. Sex Roles. 81 (5–6), 385–397. doi:10.1007/S11199-018-0993-6/FIGURES/2.

[6] Charmaraman, L. & Delcourt, C.G. (2021) Prototyping for socialwellbeing with early social media users belonging, experimentation, and self-care. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings. doi:10.1145/3411764.3445332.

[7] Colusso, L., Bennett, C.L., Hsieh, G. & Munson, S.A. (2017) Translational Resources: Reducing the Gap Between Academic Research and HCI Practice. Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems. doi:10.1145/3064663.

[8] Coyle, D., McGlade, N., Doherty, G. & O’Reilly, G. (2011) Exploratory evaluations of a computer game supporting Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for adolescents. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings. 2937–2946. doi:10.1145/1978942.1979378.

[9] Dohnt, H. & Tiggemann, M. (2006) The contribution of peer and media influences to the development of body satisfaction and self-esteem in young girls: A prospective study. Developmental Psychology. 42 (5), 929–936. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.929.

[10] Dumas, T.M., Maxwell-Smith, M., Davis, J.P. & Giulietti, P.A. (2017) Lying or longing for likes? Narcissism, peer belonging, loneliness and normative versus deceptive like-seeking on Instagram in emerging adulthood. Computers in Human Behavior. 71, 1–10. doi:10.1016/J.CHB.2017.01.037.

[11] Fardouly, J. & Vartanian, L.R. (2016) Social Media and Body Image Concerns: Current Research and Future Directions. Current Opinion in Psychology. 9, 1–5. doi:10.1016/J.COPSYC.2015.09.005.

[12] Fergus, S. & Zimmerman, M.A. (2004) ADOLESCENT RESILIENCE: A Framework for Understanding Healthy Development in the Face of Risk. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144357. 26, 399–419. doi:10.1146/ANNUREV.PUBLHEALTH.26.021304.144357.

[13] Fitton, D., Bell, B.T. & Read, J.C. (2021) Integrating Dark Patterns into the 4Cs of Online Risk in the Context of Young People and Mobile Gaming Apps. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). 12935 LNCS, 701–711. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85610-6_40.

[14] Fredrickson, B.L. & Roberts, T.A. (2016) Objectification Theory: Toward Understanding Women’s Lived Experiences and Mental Health Risks: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x. 21 (2), 173–206. doi:10.1111/J.1471-6402.1997.TB00108.X.

[15] Hartikainen, H., Iivari, N. & Kinnula, M. (2016) Should We design for control, trust or involvement? A discourses survey about children’s online safety. Proceedings of IDC 2016 - The 15th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children. 367–378. doi:10.1145/2930674.2930680.

[16] Høiseth, M. & van Mechelen, M. (2017) Identifying patterns in IDC research: Technologies for improving children’s well-being connected to overweight issues. IDC 2017 - Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Interaction Design and Children. 107–116. doi:10.1145/3078072.3079739.

[17] Holland, G. & Tiggemann, M. (2016) A systematic review of the impact of the use of social networking sites on body image and disordered eating outcomes. Body Image. 17, 100–110. doi:10.1016/J.BODYIM.2016.02.008.

[18] Jones, D.C. (2001) Social Comparison and Body Image: Attractiveness Comparisons to Models and Peers Among Adolescent Girls and Boys. Sex Roles 2001 45:9. 45 (9), 645–664. doi:10.1023/A:1014815725852.

[19] Keyes, K.M., Gary, D., O’Malley, P.M., Hamilton, A. & Schulenberg, J. (2019) Recent increases in depressive symptoms among US adolescents: trends from 1991 to 2018. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 54 (8), 987–996. doi:10.1007/S00127-019-01697-8/FIGURES/3.

[20] Ko, C.H., Yen, J.Y., Chen, C.C., Chen, S.H. & Yen, C.F. (2005) Proposed diagnostic criteria of internet addiction for adolescents. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 193 (11), 728–733. doi:10.1097/01.NMD.0000185891.13719.54.

[21] Kou, Y. & Gray, C.M. (n.d.) A Practice-Led Account of the Conceptual Evolution of UX Knowledge. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 13. doi:10.1145/3290605.

[22] Ma, Y., Veldhuis, A., Bekker, T., Hu, J., Vos, S., ahmveldhuis, tuenl, MMBekker, studenttuenl, JHu, tuenl & SVos, tuenl (2019) A Review of Design Interventions for Promoting Adolescents’ Physical Activity. Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children. doi:10.1145/3311927.

[23] Matthews, M. & Doherty, G. (2011) In the Mood: Engaging Teenagers in Psychotherapy Using Mobile Phones. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. doi:10.1145/1978942.

[24] McLaughlin, K.A. & King, K. (2015) Developmental Trajectories of Anxiety and Depression in Early Adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 43 (2), 311–323. doi:10.1007/S10802-014-9898-1/FIGURES/2.

[25] Miller, A.D. & Mynatt, E.D. (2014) StepStream: A school-based pervasive social fitness system for everyday adolescent health. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings. 2823–2832. doi:10.1145/2556288.2557190.

[26] Moses, T. (2009) Stigma and Self-Concept Among Adolescents Receiving Mental Health Treatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 79 (2), 261–274. doi:10.1037/A0015696.

[27] O’Reilly, M., Dogra, N., Whiteman, N., Hughes, J., Eruyar, S. & Reilly, P. (2018) Is social media bad for mental health and wellbeing? Exploring the perspectives of adolescents. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 23 (4), 601–613. doi:10.1177/1359104518775154.

[28] Orth, U., Maes, J. & Schmitt, M. (2015) Self-esteem development across the life span: A longitudinal study with a large sample from Germany. Developmental Psychology. 51 (2), 248–259. doi:10.1037/A0038481.

[29] Pinter, A.T., Wisniewski, P.J., Xu, H., Rosson, M.B. & Carroll, J.M. (2017) Adolescent online safety: Moving beyond formative evaluations to designing solutions for the future. IDC 2017 - Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Interaction Design and Children. 352–357. doi:10.1145/3078072.3079722.

[30] Poole, E.S., Eiriksdottir, E., Miller, A.D., Xu, Y., Catrambone, R. & Mynatt, E.D. (2013) Designing for spectators and coaches: Social support in pervasive health games for youth. Proceedings of the 2013 7th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare and Workshops, PervasiveHealth 2013. 161–168. doi:10.4108/ICST.PERVASIVEHEALTH.2013.252157.

[31] Radovic, A., Gmelin, T., Stein, B.D. & Miller, E. (2017) Depressed adolescents’ positive and negative use of social media. Journal of Adolescence. 55, 5–15. doi:10.1016/J.ADOLESCENCE.2016.12.002.

[32] Reid, D. & Weigle, P. (2014) Social Media Use among Adolescents: Benefits and Risks. Adolescent Psychiatry. 4 (2), 73–80. doi:10.2174/221067660402140709115810.

[33] Ross, D.A., Hinton, R., Melles-Brewer, M., Engel, D., Zeck, W., et al. (2020) Adolescent Well-Being: A Definition and Conceptual Framework. Journal of Adolescent Health. 67 (4), 472–476. doi:10.1016/J.JADOHEALTH.2020.06.042.

[34] Salomon, I. & Brown, C.S. (2018) The Selfie Generation: Examining the Relationship Between Social Media Use and Early Adolescent Body Image: https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431618770809. 39 (4), 539–560. doi:10.1177/0272431618770809.

[35] Sanoubari, E., Muñoz, J.E., Mahdi, H., Young, J.E., Houston, A. & Dautenhahn, K. (2021) Robots, Bullies and Stories: A Remote Co-design Study with Children; Robots, Bullies and Stories: A Remote Co-design Study with Children. Interaction Design and Children. doi:10.1145/3459990.

[36] Schoenebeck, S., Scott, C.F., Hurley, E.G., Chang, T. & Selkie, E. (2021) Youth Trust in Social Media Companies and Expectations of Justice. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction. 5 (CSCW1). doi:10.1145/3449076.

[37] Shankleman, M., Hammond, L. & Jones, F.W. (2021) Adolescent Social Media Use and Well-Being: A Systematic Review and Thematic Meta-synthesis. Adolescent Research Review. 6 (4), 471–492. doi:10.1007/S40894-021-00154-5/TABLES/6.

[38] Tiggemann, M. & Slater, A. (2013) NetGirls: The Internet, Facebook, and body image concern in adolescent girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 46 (6), 630–633. doi:10.1002/EAT.22141.

[39] Twenge, J.M., Joiner, T.E., Rogers, M.L. & Martin, G.N. (2017) Increases in Depressive Symptoms, Suicide-Related Outcomes, and Suicide Rates Among U.S. Adolescents After 2010 and Links to Increased New Media Screen Time: https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702617723376. 6 (1), 3–17. doi:10.1177/2167702617723376.

[40] Vacca, R. (2019) Brokering Open Data: Co-Designing Technology with Latina Teens to Support Communication with Parents. Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children. 11. doi:10.1145/3311927.

[41] van der Velden, M. & el Emam, K. (2013) “Not all my friends need to know”: a qualitative study of teenage patients, privacy, and social media. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 20 (1), 16–24. doi:10.1136/AMIAJNL-2012-000949.

[42] Webster^1,2, M., Foster¹, E., Comber², R., Bowen², S., Cheetham³, T. & Balaam², M. (2015) Understanding the Lived Experience of Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: Opportunities for Design. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children. doi:10.1145/2771839.

[43] Wisniewski, P., Jia, H., Wang, N., Zheng, S., Xu, H., Rosson, M.B. & Carroll, J.M. (2015) Resilience mitigates the negative effects of adolescent internet addiction and online risk exposure. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings. 2015-April, 4029–4038. doi:10.1145/2702123.2702240.

[44] Woods, H.C. & Scott, H. (2016) #Sleepyteens: Social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem. Journal of Adolescence. 51, 41–49. doi:10.1016/J.ADOLESCENCE.2016.05.008.

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