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      Psychosocial demands and resources for working time organization in GP practices. Results from a team-based ethnographic study in Germany

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          Abstract

          Background

          General practitioners (GPs) are challenged, e.g. by long working hours, and as employers they are responsible for the creation of working conditions that prevent work-related psychosocial risks. Leadership behaviour plays an important role within the working conditions of employees, thus we focused on two research questions: To what extent and how do GPs fulfil their role as entrepreneurs and leaders responsible for occupational safety and health of the team members in the organization of working time of the employees? What psychosocial factors result from the way of organization of working time for the practice team?

          Methods

          Data was collected by participant observations, individual interviews with six GPs, and five focus group discussions with 19 members of the practice staff in total. We gained access to five general practices through a teaching network associated with the Institute for General Medicine, University Hospital Essen (Germany). The analysis was carried out according to the Grounded Theory approach.

          Results

          GPs have several roles and related tasks to fulfil in the organization of working time. This can lead to perceived psychological stress. With regard to the organization of predictable working hours, vacations and sickness absence, the GPs determined the scope of action of the practice assistants. The delegation of these tasks took place to varying degrees and resulted in different work-related resources and stressors.

          Conclusion

          We described transactional and transformational leadership behaviours which are all related to specific psychosocial demands and resources and may overlap on site. Leadership training seems recommendable as part of the training of GPs and other future leaders of micro-enterprises to promote self-reflection by the entrepreneurs and leaders and strengthen occupational health of leaders and staff.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12995-021-00336-w.

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          Most cited references40

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          Standards for reporting qualitative research: a synthesis of recommendations.

          Standards for reporting exist for many types of quantitative research, but currently none exist for the broad spectrum of qualitative research. The purpose of the present study was to formulate and define standards for reporting qualitative research while preserving the requisite flexibility to accommodate various paradigms, approaches, and methods.
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            Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: a multi-sample study

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              Constructing Grounded Theory

              <p>Lecturers, request your electronic inspection copy<br> <br> Kathy Charmaz presents the definitive guide to doing grounded theory from a constructivist perspective. This second edition of her groundbreaking text retains the accessibility and warmth of the first edition whilst introducing cutting edge examples and practical tips.<br> <br> This expanded second edition:<br> <br> - explores how to effectively focus on data collection<br> <br> - demonstrates how to use data for theorizing<br> <br> - adds two new chapters that guide you through conducting and analysing interviews in grounded theory <br> <br> - adds a new chapter on symbolic interactionism and grounded theory<br> <br> - considers recent epistemological debates about the place of prior theory<br> <br> - discusses the legacy of Anselm Strauss for grounded theory.</p> <p>This is a seminal title for anyone serious about understanding and doing grounded theory research. </p>
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                christine.preiser@med.uni-tuebingen.de
                elena.tsarouha@gmx.de
                birgitta.weltermann@ukbonn.de
                florian.junne@med.uni-tuebingen.de
                tanja.seifried@med.uni-tuebingen.de
                sigrid.hartmann1@gmx.de
                markus.bleckwenn@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
                monika.rieger@med.uni-tuebingen.de
                esther.rind@med.uni-tuebingen.de
                Journal
                J Occup Med Toxicol
                J Occup Med Toxicol
                Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology (London, England)
                BioMed Central (London )
                1745-6673
                18 October 2021
                18 October 2021
                2021
                : 16
                : 47
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.411544.1, ISNI 0000 0001 0196 8249, Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, , University Hospital Tuebingen, ; Wilhelmstr. 27, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
                [2 ]GRID grid.411544.1, ISNI 0000 0001 0196 8249, Centre for Public Health and Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, , University Hospital Tuebingen, ; Osianderstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
                [3 ]GRID grid.15090.3d, ISNI 0000 0000 8786 803X, Institute of Family Medicine and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine, , University Hospital Bonn, ; Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
                [4 ]GRID grid.411544.1, ISNI 0000 0001 0196 8249, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, , University Hospital Tuebingen, ; Osianderstr. 5, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
                [5 ]GRID grid.9647.c, ISNI 0000 0004 7669 9786, Department of General Practice, Medical Faculty, , University of Leipzig, ; Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5549-6336
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3520-0200
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1285-1545
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3925-6949
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5935-539X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1144-446X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1975-5369
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7855-3663
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8200-4862
                Article
                336
                10.1186/s12995-021-00336-w
                8522246
                34663355
                fcc66e97-1f94-434d-a565-733ed6bf5e85
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                : 24 March 2021
                : 23 September 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung;
                Award ID: FKZ 01GL1751A
                Award ID: FKZ 01GL1851D
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Research
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Occupational & Environmental medicine
                occupational health,work-related psychosocial factors,work-related stress,primary care practice teams,general practice,grounded theory

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