Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection and associated risk factors among pregnant women in Debre Tabor, Northwest Ethiopia

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Abstract

Background

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan organism that infects both birds and mammals. Human infections are particularly serious if they occur during pregnancy and may result in abortion or congenitally acquired disorders which primarily affect the central nervous system. This study assessed seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection and associated risk factors among pregnant women at Debre Tabor, Northwest Ethiopia.

Methods

An institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from February to May, 2013. A total of 263 pregnant women who came to Debre Tabor public health facilities for antenatal care were selected and included in the study. The venous blood serum was tested using toxolatex agglutination test. Data on socio-demographic and potential risk factors were collected using structured questionnaire through face-to-face interview. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to identify associations between dependent and independent variables.

Results

Of 263 pregnant women included in the study, 180 (68.4%, 95% CI: 63.1-71.4%) were found to be seropositive for anti- toxoplasma antibody. Multivariable analysis showed; age group ≥36 years (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 3.56; 95% CI: 1.01–12.5), cannot read and write (AOR = 4.77; 95% CI: 1.01-30.3), and cat ownership (AOR = 3.36; 95% CI: 1.39-8.12) were significantly associated with seropositivity of T.gondii infection.

Conclusions

Seroprevalence of T.gondii infection in Debre Tabor town was high. Age, educational status and presence of cats in home were identified as factors associated with T.gondii infection. Education of pregnant women about the transmission and prevention methods of this infection through health extension and in antenatal care clinics is important. Besides, studies on incidence of toxoplasmosis in newborns and infants are recommended.

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Most cited references 24

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Structures of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, bradyzoites, and sporozoites and biology and development of tissue cysts.

J Dubey, D S Lindsay, C Speer (1998)

Infections by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii are widely prevalent world-wide in animals and humans. This paper reviews the life cycle; the structure of tachyzoites, bradyzoites, oocysts, sporocysts, sporozoites and enteroepithelial stages of T. gondii; and the mode of penetration of T. gondii. The review provides a detailed account of the biology of tissue cysts and bradyzoites including in vivo and in vitro development, methods of separation from host tissue, tissue cyst rupture, and relapse. The mechanism of in vivo and in vitro stage conversion from sporozoites to tachyzoites to bradyzoites and from bradyzoites to tachyzoites to bradyzoites is also discussed.

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The infectious origins of stillbirth.

Robert L Goldenberg, Elaine C. Thompson (2003)

Our objective was to determine the relationship between various types of perinatal infections and stillbirths. By use of various textbooks on perinatal infections, multiple MEDLINE searches, and the reference list of all appropriate manuscripts, the appropriate English language literature was reviewed to define the relationship between various perinatal infections and stillbirths. Infection may cause stillbirth by a number of mechanisms, including direct infection, placental damage, and severe maternal illness. A large variety of organisms have been associated with stillbirth, including many bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. In developed countries, between 10% and 25% of stillbirths may be caused by an infection, whereas in developing countries, which often have much higher stillbirth rates, the contribution of infection is much greater. Ascending bacterial infection, both before and after membrane rupture, with organisms such as Escherichia coli, group B streptococci, and Ureaplasma urealyticum is usually the most common infectious cause of stillbirth. However, in areas where syphilis is very prevalent, up to half of all stillbirths may be caused by this infection alone. Malaria may be an important cause of stillbirth in women infected for the first time in pregnancy. The two most important viral causes of stillbirth are parvovirus and Coxsackie virus, although a number of other viral infections appear to be causal. Toxoplasma gondii, leptospirosis, Listeria monocytogenes, and the organisms that cause leptospirosis, Q fever, and Lyme disease have all been implicated as etiologic for stillbirth. Because infection-related stillbirth is relatively rare in developed countries, and those that do occur are caused by a wide variety of organisms, reducing this etiologic component of stillbirth much further will be difficult. However, in certain developing countries, the stillbirth rate is so high and the infection-related component so great that achieving a substantial reduction in stillbirth should be possible simply by reducing maternal infections.

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Toxoplasma gondii oocyst survival under defined temperatures.

Jitender Dubey (1998)

The survival of sporulated Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in water at -10 C to 70 C for various periods was investigated. Infectivity of T. gondii was tested by bioassay in mice. There was no marked loss of infectivity of oocysts stored at 10 C, 15 C, 20 C, and 25 C for 200 days, whereas there was a 100-fold loss of infectivity of oocysts stored at 30 C for 107 days. Oocysts stored at 35 C were infective for 32 days but not 62 days, at 40 C oocysts were infective for 9 days but not 28 days, at 45 C, oocysts were infective for 1 day but not 2 days, at 50 C oocysts were infective for 1 hr but not 2 hr. At 55 C and 60 C oocysts were rendered noninfective in 2 and 1 min, respectively. Oocysts remained infective up to 54 mo at 4 C and there was no loss of infectivity in oocysts stored for 106 days at -5 C and at -10 C and for 13 mo at 0 C.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Birhan Agmas: mitikuagmas@gmail.com

Reta Tesfaye: reta.tesfaye@gmail.com

Digsu Negese Koye: digsuneg@gmail.com

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Res Notes

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Res Notes

Title: BMC Research Notes

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1756-0500

Publication date (Electronic): 29 March 2015

Publication date PMC-release: 29 March 2015

Publication date Collection: 2015

Volume: 8

Electronic Location Identifier: 107

Affiliations

[ ]South Gondar Zone Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia

[ ]Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

[ ]Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

Article

Publisher ID: 1083

DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1083-2

PMC ID: 4387685

PubMed ID: 25879788

SO-VID: fbe2ce13-88ff-4766-841a-4cc94207062c

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

History

Date received : 8 August 2013

Date accepted : 23 March 2015

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine

Keywords: seroprevalence,toxoplasma gondii,risk factors,pregnant women,ethiopia

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine

Keywords: seroprevalence, toxoplasma gondii, risk factors, pregnant women, ethiopia

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection and associated risk factors among pregnant women in Debre Tabor, Northwest Ethiopia

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Cardiovascular Innovations and Applications

Most cited references 24

Structures of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites, bradyzoites, and sporozoites and biology and development of tissue cysts.

The infectious origins of stillbirth.

Toxoplasma gondii oocyst survival under defined temperatures.

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