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      Maternal Urinary Triclosan Concentration in Relation to Maternal and Neonatal Thyroid Hormone Levels: A Prospective Study

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          Abstract

          Background:

          Triclosan (TCS) is a synthetic antibacterial chemical widely used in personal care products. TCS exposure has been associated with decreased thyroid hormone levels in animals, but human studies are scarce and controversial.

          Objective:

          We evaluated the association between maternal TCS exposure and thyroid hormone levels of mothers and newborns.

          Methods:

          TCS was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) in urine samples collected during gestational weeks 38.8 ± 1.1 from 398 pregnant women in a prospective birth cohort enrolled in 2012–2013 in Shanghai, China. Maternal serum levels of free thyroxine (FT 4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) were obtained from medical records. Cord blood levels of free triiodothyronine (FT 3), FT 4, TSH, and TPOAb were measured. Multiple linear and logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between maternal urinary TCS and thyroid hormone levels.

          Results:

          TCS was detectable ( ≥ 0.1   ng / mL ) in 98.24% of maternal urine samples with tertile of urinary TCS levels: low ( < 0.1 – 2.75 μ g / g . Cr ), medium ( 2.75 – 9.78 μ g / g . Cr ), and high ( 9.78 – 427.38 μ g / g . Cr ). With adjustment for potential confounders, cord blood log(FT 3)pmol/L concentration was 0.11 lower in newborns of mothers with medium and high urinary TCS levels compared with those with low levels. At third trimester, the high TCS concentration was associated with 0.03 [95% confidence interval (CI) − 0.08 , − 0.02 ] lower maternal serum log(FT 4)pmol/L, whereas the medium TCS concentration was associated with 0.15 (95% CI: − 0.28 , − 0.03 ) lower serum log(TSH)mIU/L with adjustment for covariates.

          Conclusions:

          Our results suggest significant inverse associations between maternal urinary TCS and cord blood FT 3 as well as maternal blood FT 4 concentrations at third trimester. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP500

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          Environmental Chemicals in Pregnant Women in the United States: NHANES 2003–2004

          Tracey J. Woodruff, Ami R. Zota, Jackie Schwartz (2011)
          Background Exposure to chemicals during fetal development can increase the risk of adverse health effects, and while biomonitoring studies suggest pregnant women are exposed to chemicals, little is known about the extent of multiple chemicals exposures among pregnant women in the United States. Objective We analyzed biomonitoring data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) to characterize both individual and multiple chemical exposures in U.S. pregnant women. Methods We analyzed data for 163 chemical analytes in 12 chemical classes for subsamples of 268 pregnant women from NHANES 2003–2004, a nationally representative sample of the U.S. population. For each chemical analyte, we calculated descriptive statistics. We calculated the number of chemicals detected within the following chemical classes: polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), organochlorine pesticides, and phthalates and across multiple chemical classes. We compared chemical analyte concentrations for pregnant and nonpregnant women using least-squares geometric means, adjusting for demographic and physiological covariates. Results The percentage of pregnant women with detectable levels of an individual chemical ranged from 0 to 100%. Certain polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, PFCs, phenols, PBDEs, phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and perchlorate were detected in 99–100% of pregnant women. The median number of detected chemicals by chemical class ranged from 4 of 12 PFCs to 9 of 13 phthalates. Across chemical classes, median number ranged from 8 of 17 chemical analytes to 50 of 71 chemical analytes. We found, generally, that levels in pregnant women were similar to or lower than levels in nonpregnant women; adjustment for covariates tended to increase levels in pregnant women compared with nonpregnant women. Conclusions Pregnant women in the U.S. are exposed to multiple chemicals. Further efforts are warranted to understand sources of exposure and implications for policy making.
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            Triclosan: environmental exposure, toxicity and mechanisms of action.

            Andrea Dann, Alice Hontela (2011)
            Triclosan [5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol; TCS] is a broad spectrum antibacterial agent used in personal care, veterinary, industrial and household products. TCS is commonly detected in aquatic ecosystems, as it is only partially removed during the wastewater treatment process. Sorption, biodegradation and photolytic degradation mitigate the availability of TCS to aquatic biota; however the by-products such as methyltriclosan and other chlorinated phenols may be more resistant to degradation and have higher toxicity than the parent compound. The continuous exposure of aquatic organisms to TCS, coupled with its bioaccumulation potential, have led to detectable levels of the antimicrobial in a number of aquatic species. TCS has been also detected in breast milk, urine and plasma, with levels of TCS in the blood correlating with consumer use patterns of the antimicrobial. Mammalian systemic toxicity studies indicate that TCS is neither acutely toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, nor a developmental toxicant. Recently, however, concern has been raised over TCS's potential for endocrine disruption, as the antimicrobial has been shown to disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis and possibly the reproductive axis. Moreover, there is strong evidence that aquatic species such as algae, invertebrates and certain types of fish are much more sensitive to TCS than mammals. TCS is highly toxic to algae and exerts reproductive and developmental effects in some fish. The potential for endocrine disruption and antibiotic cross-resistance highlights the importance of the judicious use of TCS, whereby the use of TCS should be limited to applications where it has been shown to be effective. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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              A multi-rule Shewhart chart for quality control in clinical chemistry.

              Andrea Hunt, Nicholas Barry, J Westgard … (1981)
              Article 0 comments Cited 104 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Environ Health Perspect
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Environ. Health Perspect
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EHP
                Title: Environmental Health Perspectives
                Publisher: Environmental Health Perspectives
                ISSN (Print): 0091-6765
                ISSN (Electronic): 1552-9924
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 June 2017
                Publication date Collection: June 2017
                Volume: 125
                Issue: 6
                Electronic Location Identifier: 067017
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
                [ 2 ]Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina, USA
                [ 3 ]Department of Neonatology, International Peace Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
                Author notes
                Address correspondence to F. Ouyang, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kong Jiang Rd., Shanghai 200092 China. Telephone: 86-21-2507-8867. Email: ouyangfx@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: EHP500
                DOI: 10.1289/EHP500
                PMC ID: 5743753
                PubMed ID: 28669941
                SO-VID: fbcd8e4d-838e-4407-ada4-8c2ed0e21005
                License:

                EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted.

                History
                Date received : 11 May 2016
                Date revision received : 05 October 2016
                Date accepted : 07 November 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health

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