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      Identification of Diterpenoid Alkaloids from the Rootsof Aconitum kusnezoffii Reihcb

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          Abstract

          Three diterpenoid alkaloids, including an unreported compound, were isolated from the roots of Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb. On the basis of spectral analysis, these three compounds were determined to be 1,15-dimethoxy-3-hydroxy-14-benzoyl-16-ketoneoline, benzoylaconine and aconitine.

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          The effects of Aconitum alkaloids on the central nervous system.

          A Ameri (1998)
          Preparations of Aconitum roots are employed in Chinese and Japanese medicine for analgesic, antirheumatic and neurological indications. The recent surge in use of phytomedicine derived from traditional Chinese medicine as well as increasing concerns about possible toxic effects of these compounds have inspired a great deal of research into the mechanisms by which certain Aconitum alkaloids may act on the central nervous system. The pharmacological effects of preparations of Aconitum roots are attributed to several diterpenoid alkaloids. The main alkaloid of these plants is aconitine, a highly toxic diterpenoid alkaloid which is known to suppress the inactivation of voltage-dependent Na+ channels by binding to neurotoxin binding site 2 of the alpha-subunit of the channel protein. In this article the pharmacology of several structurally related Aconitum alkaloids is highlighted and their therapeutic vs toxic potential is discussed. Neurochemical and neurophysiological studies will be reviewed with emphasis on the effects of the alkaloids in regions of the brain that have been implicated in pain transmission and generation of epileptic activity. Considering the chemical structure of the Aconitum alkaloids as well as their mechanism of action, a subdivision in three groups becomes obvious: the first group comprises such alkaloids which possess high toxicity due to two ester boundings at the diterpene skeleton. The members of this group activate voltage-dependent sodium channels already at resting potential and inhibit noradrenaline reuptake. Activation of sodium channels and in consequence excessive depolarization with final inexcitability and suppression of pain transmission account for their antinociceptive properties. The second group comprises less toxic monoesters which have been shown to possess strong antinociceptive, antiarrhythmic and antiepileptiform properties due to a blockade of the voltage-dependent sodium channel. Electrophysiological studies have revealed a use-dependent inhibition of neuronal activity by these alkaloids. They seem to be competitive antagonists of the group I-alkaloids. The third group of Aconitum alkaloids are lacking an ester side chain in the molecule. Toxicity is markedly reduced when compared with the two other groups. They fail to affect neuronal activity, but are reported to have antiarrhythmic actions suggesting that they may have different affinities to various subtypes of the alpha-subunit of the Na+ channel in brain and heart.
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            Studies on the constituents of Aconitum species. IX. The pharmacological properties of pyro-type aconitine alkaloids, components of processed aconite powder 'kako-bushi-matsu': analgesic, antiinflammatory and acute toxic activities.

            Mitsuo Murayama, Takao Mori, Hideo Bando … (1991)
            Eight pyro-type aconitine alkaloids contained in the processed aconite powder 'Kako-bushi-matsu' were studied for their analgesic, antiinflammatory and acute toxic actions. All these compounds showed significant analgesic and antiinflammatory actions. Among the pyro-type alkaloids, 16-epi-pyrojesaconitine and pyrojesaconitine were the most potent analgesics. The analgesic activity of pyro-type aconitine alkaloids was lower than that of each of the parent alkaloids, aconitine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine and jesaconitine. However, pyro-type aconitine alkaloids had very low toxicity, and the decreasing rates of the toxicity in changing from the parent alkaloids to the pyro-type aconitine alkaloids were much larger than those relating to the analgesic activity. Eight pyro-type aconitine alkaloids were found to inhibit the carrageenin-induced hind paw edema at 2 to 6 h after the carrageenin subplantar injection. Consequently, it was demonstrated that the pyro-type aconitine alkaloids produced through the processing of raw aconite roots, 'Bushi', have a role in the medicinal effects of the processed aconite powder 'Kako-bushi-matsu'.
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              Separation of Diterpenoid Alkaloid Mixtures Using Vacuum Liquid Chromatography

              S. Pelletier, Hitesh P. Chokshi, Haridutt K. Desai (1986)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 April 2011
                Publication date Collection: April 2011
                Volume: 16
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 3345-3350
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116000, China
                [2 ]Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: zhanghua@ 123456dlut.edu.cn (H.Z.) or xiaoys@ 123456dicp.ac.cn (Y.S.X.); Tel.: +86 0411 84379772; Fax: +086 0411 84379772.
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-16-03345
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules16043345
                PMC ID: 6260597
                PubMed ID: 21512442
                SO-VID: fa91331b-0ed5-47e5-80c7-81d67be8e420
                Copyright © © 2011 by the authors;
                License:

                licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 22 February 2011
                Date revision received : 26 March 2011
                Date accepted : 30 March 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: roots of aconitum kusnezoffii reichb.,diterpenoid alkaloid,aconitum
                Data availability:
                Keywords: roots of aconitum kusnezoffii reichb., diterpenoid alkaloid, aconitum

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