Efetividade de tecnologia educacional para prevenção de quedas em ambiente hospitalar <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: Effectiveness of educational technology for preventing falls in a hospital environment </span> <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: Efectividad de tecnología educativa para la prevención de caídas en el ambiente hospitalario </span>

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Abstract

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a efetividade de intervenção educativa mediada por tecnologia impressa no conhecimento sobre prevenção de quedas em pacientes hospitalizados. Método Estudo quase-experimental, do tipo antes e depois, aplicou uma intervenção educativa mediada por cartilha. O estudo incluiu 86 pacientes hospitalizados em clínica médica-cirúrgica. Utilizou-se teste de conhecimento sobre prevenção de quedas contendo 12 questões, o qual, foi previamente validado por profissionais com expertise em segurança do paciente. O teste de McNemar foi aplicado, para avaliar de forma pareada, as respostas do teste antes e após a intervenção educativa. Resultados Observou-se que, antes da intervenção, todas as questões do instrumento tiveram menos acertos. Houve associação entre mudança de conhecimento com: percepção sobre causas de quedas durante a internação (p=0,008); eventos considerados como queda (p=0,000); utilização de meios de apoio à mobilidade (p=0,000); dificuldade de visão e audição como fator de risco (p=0,000); o uso de medicamentos (p=0,000); importância de informar o profissional sobre o histórico de quedas (p=0,007); práticas gerais de prevenção (p=0,000); cuidados relacionados ao ambiente (p=0,000) e a prática de exercícios durante a hospitalização (p=0,000). Conclusão A intervenção educativa com uso da cartilha foi efetiva quanto a orientação sobre riscos de quedas em pacientes adultos hospitalizados.

Translated abstract

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention mediated by printed technology on knowledge about fall prevention in hospitalized patients. Method This is a quasi-experimental study, of before and after type, applied an educational intervention mediated by a booklet. The study included 86 patients hospitalized in a medical-surgical clinic. A knowledge test on fall prevention was used, containing 12 questions, which was previously validated by professionals with expertise in patient safety. McNemar test was applied to assess, in a paired fashion, test responses before and after the educational intervention. Results It was observed that, before the intervention, all questions of the instrument had less success. There was an association between change in knowledge with: perception of causes of falls during hospitalization (p=0.008); events considered as fall (p=0.000); use of means to support mobility (p=0.000); difficulty in seeing and hearing as a risk factor (p=0.000); the use of medications (p=0.000); importance of informing the professional about the history of falls (p=0.007); general prevention practices (p=0.000); care related to the environment (p=0.000) and the practice of exercises during hospitalization (p=0.000). Conclusion Educational intervention using the booklet was effective in providing guidance on the risk of falls in hospitalized adult patients.

Translated abstract

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar la efectividad de una intervención educativa mediada por tecnología impresa sobre os conocimientos en prevención de caídas de pacientes hospitalizados. Método Estudio cuasi experimental, tipo antes y después, donde se aplicó una intervención educativa mediante una cartilla. El estudio incluyó 86 pacientes hospitalizados en una clínica médica quirúrgica. Se utilizó una prueba de conocimientos sobre prevención de caídas con 12 preguntas, que fue previamente validada por profesionales especialistas en la seguridad del paciente. Se aplicó la prueba de McNemar para evaluar de forma controlada las respuestas de la prueba antes y después de la intervención educativa. Resultados Se observó que, antes de la intervención, todas las respuestas del instrumento tuvieron menos aciertos. Se encontró una relación entre cambios de conocimientos y la percepción sobre causas de caídas durante la internación (p=0,008), los eventos considerados como caída (p=0,000), la utilización de medios de apoyo a la movilidad (p=0,000), las dificultades de visión y audición como factor de riesgo (p=0,000), el uso de medicamentos (p=0,000), la importancia de informar al profesional sobre el historial de caídas (p=0,007), las prácticas generales de prevención (p=0,000), los cuidados relacionados con el ambiente (p=0,000) y la práctica de ejercicios durante la hospitalización (p=0,000). Conclusión La intervención educativa con uso de la cartilla fue efectiva respecto a las instrucciones sobre riesgos de caídas en pacientes adultos hospitalizados.

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Multifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community

Olubusola Adedire, Bethan J Copsey, Graham J Boniface … (2018)

Falls and fall‐related injuries are common, particularly in those aged over 65, with around one‐third of older people living in the community falling at least once a year. Falls prevention interventions may comprise single component interventions (e.g. exercise), or involve combinations of two or more different types of intervention (e.g. exercise and medication review). Their delivery can broadly be divided into two main groups: 1) multifactorial interventions where component interventions differ based on individual assessment of risk; or 2) multiple component interventions where the same component interventions are provided to all people. To assess the effects (benefits and harms) of multifactorial interventions and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, trial registers and reference lists. Date of search: 12 June 2017. Randomised controlled trials, individual or cluster, that evaluated the effects of multifactorial and multiple component interventions on falls in older people living in the community, compared with control (i.e. usual care (no change in usual activities) or attention control (social visits)) or exercise as a single intervention. Two review authors independently selected studies, assessed risks of bias and extracted data. We calculated the rate ratio (RaR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for rate of falls. For dichotomous outcomes we used risk ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs. For continuous outcomes, we used the standardised mean difference (SMD) with 95% CIs. We pooled data using the random‐effects model. We used the GRADE approach to assess the quality of the evidence. We included 62 trials involving 19,935 older people living in the community. The median trial size was 248 participants. Most trials included more women than men. The mean ages in trials ranged from 62 to 85 years (median 77 years). Most trials (43 trials) reported follow‐up of 12 months or over. We assessed most trials at unclear or high risk of bias in one or more domains. Forty‐four trials assessed multifactorial interventions and 18 assessed multiple component interventions. (I 2 not reported if = 0%). Multifactorial interventions versus usual care or attention control This comparison was made in 43 trials. Commonly‐applied or recommended interventions after assessment of each participant's risk profile were exercise, environment or assistive technologies, medication review and psychological interventions. Multifactorial interventions may reduce the rate of falls compared with control: rate ratio (RaR) 0.77, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.87; 19 trials; 5853 participants; I 2 = 88%; low‐quality evidence. Thus if 1000 people were followed over one year, the number of falls may be 1784 (95% CI 1553 to 2016) after multifactorial intervention versus 2317 after usual care or attention control. There was low‐quality evidence of little or no difference in the risks of: falling (i.e. people sustaining one or more fall) (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.03; 29 trials; 9637 participants; I 2 = 60%); recurrent falls (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.03; 12 trials; 3368 participants; I 2 = 53%); fall‐related hospital admission (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.07; 15 trials; 5227 participants); requiring medical attention (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.10; 8 trials; 3078 participants). There is low‐quality evidence that multifactorial interventions may reduce the risk of fall‐related fractures (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.01; 9 trials; 2850 participants) and may slightly improve health‐related quality of life but not noticeably (SMD 0.19, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.35; 9 trials; 2373 participants; I 2 = 70%). Of three trials reporting on adverse events, one found none, and two reported 12 participants with self‐limiting musculoskeletal symptoms in total. Multifactorial interventions versus exercise Very low‐quality evidence from one small trial of 51 recently‐discharged orthopaedic patients means that we are uncertain of the effects on rate of falls or risk of falling of multifactorial interventions versus exercise alone. Other fall‐related outcomes were not assessed. Multiple component interventions versus usual care or attention control The 17 trials that make this comparison usually included exercise and another component, commonly education or home‐hazard assessment. There is moderate‐quality evidence that multiple interventions probably reduce the rate of falls (RaR 0.74, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.91; 6 trials; 1085 participants; I 2 = 45%) and risk of falls (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.74 to 0.90; 11 trials; 1980 participants). There is low‐quality evidence that multiple interventions may reduce the risk of recurrent falls, although a small increase cannot be ruled out (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.05; 4 trials; 662 participants). Very low‐quality evidence means that we are uncertain of the effects of multiple component interventions on the risk of fall‐related fractures (2 trials) or fall‐related hospital admission (1 trial). There is low‐quality evidence that multiple interventions may have little or no effect on the risk of requiring medical attention (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.35; 1 trial; 291 participants); conversely they may slightly improve health‐related quality of life (SMD 0.77, 95% CI 0.16 to 1.39; 4 trials; 391 participants; I 2 = 88%). Of seven trials reporting on adverse events, five found none, and six minor adverse events were reported in two. Multiple component interventions versus exercise This comparison was tested in five trials. There is low‐quality evidence of little or no difference between the two interventions in rate of falls (1 trial) and risk of falling (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.10; 3 trials; 863 participants) and very low‐quality evidence, meaning we are uncertain of the effects on hospital admission (1 trial). One trial reported two cases of minor joint pain. Other falls outcomes were not reported. Multifactorial interventions may reduce the rate of falls compared with usual care or attention control. However, there may be little or no effect on other fall‐related outcomes. Multiple component interventions, usually including exercise, may reduce the rate of falls and risk of falling compared with usual care or attention control. Review question To assess whether fall‐prevention strategies which target two or more risk factors for falls (multifactorial interventions) or fixed combinations of interventions (multiple component interventions) are effective in preventing falls in older people living in the community. Background As people age they are more likely to fall. Although most fall‐related injuries are minor, they can cause significant pain and discomfort, affect a person's confidence and lead to a loss of independence. Some falls can cause serious long‐term health problems. A combination of factors increases the risk of falls with ageing, such as weak muscles, stiff joints, hearing problems, changes in sight, side effects of medications, tiredness or confusion. Poor lighting, slippery or uneven surfaces, and issues with poor footwear can also increase the risk of falling. Different interventions have been developed to help prevent falls in older people. They may involve a single type of intervention, such as exercise to increase muscle strength, or combinations of interventions, such as exercise and adjustment of a person's medication. A combination of two or more components can be delivered as either a multifactorial intervention based on an assessment of a person's risk factors for falling or as a multiple component intervention where the same combination of interventions is provided to all participants. Search date We searched the healthcare literature for reports of randomised controlled trials relevant to this review up to 12 June 2017. Study characteristics We included 62 randomised trials involving 19,935 older participants. Most trials included more women than men; the average ages in the trials ranged from 62 to 85 years. Trials compared the interventions to an inactive control group receiving usual care (no change in usual activities) or a matched level of attention (such as social visits) or to an active control group receiving an exercise programme. Key results We identified 43 trials that compared a multifactorial intervention with an inactive control. Multifactorial interventions led to some reduction in the rate at which people fall compared with the inactive control group, but the quality of evidence was low because of large differences in how studies were conducted. There may be little or no difference in the number of people who experienced one or more falls (fallers), recurrent falls, fall‐related fractures, or experienced a fall requiring hospital admission or medical attention. Multifactorial interventions may make little difference to people's health‐related quality of life. There was very limited evidence on adverse events related to the intervention; all 12 reported musculoskeletal complaints such as back pain were minor. We did not find enough evidence to determine the effects of multifactorial interventions compared with exercise as this was only assessed in one small trial. We identified 18 trials assessing the effects of multiple component interventions. Seventeen compared the intervention with an inactive control group and five compared the intervention with exercise. Seventeen of the trials included exercise in the intervention and another component, often education on falls prevention or home safety assessment. There was limited evidence on adverse events related to the intervention; all six reported events were minor. Multiple component interventions probably reduce the rate at which people fall and the number of fallers compared with the inactive control group. They may also reduce the number of people who experienced recurrent falls. The evidence was not enough to determine their effects on fall‐related fractures or hospital admission. Multiple component interventions may make little or no difference to the risk of a fall requiring medical attention. However, they may slightly improve a person's health‐related quality of life. Trials comparing multiple component interventions with exercise showed there may be little or no difference in the rate at which people fall and the number of fallers, but not enough evidence to determine the effects on hospital admission. Other falls outcomes were not reported. Quality of the evidence We rated the quality of the available evidence as of low or very low quality. This means that we have limited confidence about the results where the evidence is low quality, but are uncertain where the evidence is of very low quality.

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The Galway Consensus Conference: international collaboration on the development of core competencies for health promotion and health education.

John Allegrante, Sarah M. Barry, Nicholas Taub … (2009)

Developing a competent health promotion workforce is a key component of capacity building for the future and is critical to delivering on the vision, values and commitments of global health promotion. This paper reports on an international consensus meeting to identify core competencies, jointly organized by the International Union for Health Promotion and Education (IUHPE), the Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE) and the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC), with participation from international leaders in the field, that took place at the National University of Ireland, Galway, in June 2008. The purpose of the meeting is outlined and the outcomes in terms of strengthening global exchange, collaboration and common approaches to capacity building and workforce development are discussed. The Consensus Statement, based on the proceedings of the meeting, outlines core values and principles, a common definition and eight domains of core competency that are required to engage in effective health promotion practice. The core domains of competency agreed to at the meeting are: catalysing change, leadership, assessment, planning, impementation, evaluation, advocacy and partnerships. A summary of the Consensus Statement is presented and further dialogue and discussion are invited in order to continue the process of building international consensus with regard to health promotion core competencies.