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      Clusters of rare disorders and congenital anomalies in South America Translated title: Conglomerados de trastornos y malformaciones congénitas poco frecuentes en América del Sur Translated title: Agrupamentos de doenças raras e anomalias congênitas na América do Sul

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          ABSTRACT

          Objective.

          To map geographic clusters of rare disorders and congenital anomalies reported in South America.

          Methods.

          Qualitative systematic review conducted in Medline/PubMed, Lilacs, and Scielo electronic databases to identify studies meeting eligibility criteria. The strategy resulted in 1 672 unique articles, from which 164 were selected for full reading by a pair of reviewers.

          Results.

          Fifty-five articles reported at least one cluster of genetic disorders or congenital anomalies in South American territory. From these papers, 122 clusters were identified, of which half ( 61) were related to autosomal recessive disorders. Sixty-five (53.3%) of the clusters were located in Brazil.

          Conclusions.

          The results of the review reinforce that rare diseases and congenital anomalies can occur in a non-random way in space, which is discussed in the perspective of the complex history of formation, social organization, and genetic structure of the South American population. Mapping clusters in population medical genetics can be an important public health tool, given that such places concentrate cases of rare diseases that frequently require multiprofessional, specialized care. Therefore, these results can support important agendas in public health related to rare diseases and congenital anomalies, such as health promotion and surveillance.

          RESUMEN

          Objetivo.

          Trazar los conglomerados geográficos de los trastornos y las malformaciones congénitas poco frecuentes notificados en América del Sur.

          Métodos.

          Se realizó una revisión sistemática cualitativa en las bases de datos electrónicas Medline/PubMed, Lilacs y Scielo para encontrar los estudios que cumplieran con los criterios de selección. Se encontraron 1672 artículos originales, de los que se seleccionaron 164 para su lectura completa por un par de revisores.

          Resultados.

          En 55 artículos se informó de al menos un conglomerado de trastornos genéticos o malformaciones congénitas en América del Sur. A partir de estos artículos, se encontraron 122 conglomerados, de los cuales la mitad ( 61) se asociaron con trastornos autosómicos recesivos. Sesenta y cinco (53,3%) de los conglomerados se ubicaron en Brasil.

          Conclusiones.

          Los resultados de la revisión confirman que las enfermedades raras y las malformaciones congénitas pueden presentarse de una forma no aleatoria en el espacio, lo que se comenta desde la perspectiva de la complejidad histórica del proceso de formación, organización social y estructura genética de la población de América del Sur. Definir geográficamente los conglomerados en la genética médica poblacional puede ser una importante herramienta de salud pública, ya que en esos lugares se concentran casos de enfermedades raras que suelen requerir una atención especializada y multidisciplinaria. Por lo tanto, estos resultados pueden servir de apoyo a importantes programas de salud pública relacionados con las enfermedades raras y las malformaciones congénitas como, por ejemplo, la promoción de la salud y la vigilancia.

          RESUMO

          Objetivo.

          Mapear agrupamentos geográficos de doenças raras e anomalias congênitas relatados na América do Sul.

          Métodos.

          Revisão sistemática qualitativa realizada nas bases de dados eletrônicos Medline/PubMed, Lilacs e Scielo para identificar estudos que atendessem aos critérios de elegibilidade. A estratégia resultou em 1.672 artigos únicos, dos quais 164 foram selecionados para leitura completa por uma dupla de revisores.

          Resultados.

          Cinquenta e cinco artigos relataram pelo menos um agrupamento de distúrbios genéticos ou anomalias congênitas no território sul-americano. A partir desses artigos, foram identificados 122 agrupamentos, dos quais metade ( 61) estava relacionada a doenças autossômicas recessivas. Sessenta e cinco (53,3%) dos agrupamentos estavam localizados no Brasil.

          Conclusões.

          Os resultados da revisão reforçam a observação de que doenças raras e anomalias congênitas podem ocorrer de forma não aleatória no espaço, o que é discutido na perspectiva da complexa história de formação, organização social e estrutura genética da população sul-americana. O mapeamento de agrupamentos em genética médica populacional pode ser uma importante ferramenta de saúde pública, visto que esses locais concentram casos de doenças raras que frequentemente requerem atendimento multiprofissional especializado. Portanto, esses resultados podem apoiar importantes agendas de saúde pública relacionadas a doenças raras e anomalias congênitas, como a vigilância e a promoção da saúde.

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          Biopython: freely available Python tools for computational molecular biology and bioinformatics

          Summary: The Biopython project is a mature open source international collaboration of volunteer developers, providing Python libraries for a wide range of bioinformatics problems. Biopython includes modules for reading and writing different sequence file formats and multiple sequence alignments, dealing with 3D macro molecular structures, interacting with common tools such as BLAST, ClustalW and EMBOSS, accessing key online databases, as well as providing numerical methods for statistical learning. Availability: Biopython is freely available, with documentation and source code at www.biopython.org under the Biopython license. Contact: All queries should be directed to the Biopython mailing lists, see www.biopython.org/wiki/_Mailing_lists peter.cock@scri.ac.uk.
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            From Louvain to Leiden: guaranteeing well-connected communities

            Community detection is often used to understand the structure of large and complex networks. One of the most popular algorithms for uncovering community structure is the so-called Louvain algorithm. We show that this algorithm has a major defect that largely went unnoticed until now: the Louvain algorithm may yield arbitrarily badly connected communities. In the worst case, communities may even be disconnected, especially when running the algorithm iteratively. In our experimental analysis, we observe that up to 25% of the communities are badly connected and up to 16% are disconnected. To address this problem, we introduce the Leiden algorithm. We prove that the Leiden algorithm yields communities that are guaranteed to be connected. In addition, we prove that, when the Leiden algorithm is applied iteratively, it converges to a partition in which all subsets of all communities are locally optimally assigned. Furthermore, by relying on a fast local move approach, the Leiden algorithm runs faster than the Louvain algorithm. We demonstrate the performance of the Leiden algorithm for several benchmark and real-world networks. We find that the Leiden algorithm is faster than the Louvain algorithm and uncovers better partitions, in addition to providing explicit guarantees.
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              Achondroplasia: a comprehensive clinical review

              Achondroplasia is the most common of the skeletal dysplasias that result in marked short stature (dwarfism). Although its clinical and radiologic phenotype has been described for more than 50 years, there is still a great deal to be learned about the medical issues that arise secondary to this diagnosis, the manner in which these are best diagnosed and addressed, and whether preventive strategies can ameliorate the problems that can compromise the health and well being of affected individuals. This review provides both an updated discussion of the care needs of those with achondroplasia and an exploration of the limits of evidence that is available regarding care recommendations, controversies that are currently present, and the many areas of ignorance that remain.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Panam Salud Publica
                Rev Panam Salud Publica
                rpsp
                Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
                Organización Panamericana de la Salud
                1020-4989
                1680-5348
                23 June 2023
                2023
                : 47
                : e98
                Affiliations
                [1 ] orgnameInstituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Genética Médica Populacional (INaGeMP) Porto Alegre, RS Brazil originalInstituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Genética Médica Populacional (INaGeMP), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
                [2 ] orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, RS Brazil originalUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
                Author notes
                Lavinia Schuler-Faccini, lavinia.faccini@ 123456ufrgs.br
                Article
                RPSP.2023.98
                10.26633/RPSP.2023.98
                10289474
                f58e5f4f-a5ad-4f21-a4f1-836af861770e

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. No modifications or commercial use of this article are permitted. In any reproduction of this article there should not be any suggestion that PAHO or this article endorse any specific organization or products. The use of the PAHO logo is not permitted. This notice should be preserved along with the article’s original URL. Open access logo and text by PLoS, under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.

                History
                : 20 November 2022
                : 21 March 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 74
                Categories
                Review

                disease hotspot,rare diseases,congenital abnormalities,systematic review,south america.,punto alto de contagio de enfermedades,enfermedades raras,anomalías congénitas,revisión sistemática,américa del sur,hotspot de doença,doenças raras,anormalidades congênitas,revisão sistemática,américa do sul

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