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      ᶜIlm al-ikhtilāf in Modern Western and Muslim Studies of Juristic Disagreement–A Critical Analysis Translated title: علم الاختلاف الفقهي في الدراسات الغربية والدراسات الإسلامية المعاصرة: دراسة تحليلية نقدية

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          Abstract

          The acknowledgment of juristic disagreement (ᶜilm al-ikhtilāf) as an independent field of Islamic law by Western historians of Fiqh and Uṣūl is over a century and a half old. Yet, there is still much ambiguity and confusion about this legal subarea, its history, its theories and methods, and its place in the emergence and development of Islamic law. This paper provides a critical reading of modern Western studies of ᶜilm al-ikhtilāf. It analyzes the ways in which Western scholars have conceived of this sub-science and visits key unresolved issues with a focus on the conceptual and methodological undertaking of ᶜilm al-ikhtilāf. Through its critical reading of modern Western studies of ᶜilm al-ikhtilāf, this paper mends two gaps in the examined scholarship: the conceptual confusion of the concepts of ‘ikhtilāf’ and ‘khilāf’ on the one hand, and the confusion of the genres of “ikhtilāf fiqhī” (juristic disagreement) and “jadal fiqhī” (juristic dialectics) on the other. The methodology employed in this study comprises a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach, which bridges the realms of pre-modern and modern sources. It hinges on a meticulous analysis of both Muslim and Western studies of Islamic law, deliberately interweaving these two dimensions to provide a more holistic and nuanced perspective on the questions undertaken within this research. After close examination, it is observed that key distinctions made with regard to the science of ᶜilm al-ikhtilāf, such as between the concepts of ‘khilāf’ and ‘ikhtilāf’, are a modern invention that has no lexical precedent. According to this study, distinction is to be made between Fiqh-based, practical disagreements and Uṣūl-based, theoretical disagreements. This study contributes the first source reading of Western scholarship on the science of juristic disagreement. In addition, classifying ᶜilm al-ikhtilāf in terms of practical (Fiqh-based) and theoretical (Uṣūl-based) studies is an original reading.

          Translated abstract

          أهداف البحث: مع أن أول بوادر اهتمام المؤرخين الغربيين بالاختلاف الفقهي تعود لأزيد من قرن ونصف مضت، ما زالت الدراسات الغربية لم تعن بتفاصيل هذا العلم وتاريخه، ونظرياته ومناهجه، ودوره في نشأة الفقه الإسلامي وتطوره، وما زالت أيضًا يشوبها الارتباك وعدم الدقة في مسائل منهجية ومفاهيمية عدة. تقدم هذه الدراسة قراءة نقدية في الدراسات الغربية الحديثة التي تناولت الاختلاف الفقهي، سواء من باب مذهبي أم تلك التي تطرقت له بإجمال، وتركز على التصور المفاهيمي والمنهجي المتعلق بالاختلاف في الدراسات الإسلامية الغربية. منهج الدراسة: من خلال قراءة نقدية للدراسات الغربية الحديثة التي اهتمت بعلم الاختلاف، تسعى هذه الدراسة لمعالجة وسد فجوتين رئيسيتين: الخلط المفاهيمي والمعجمي بين مصطلحي "الاختلاف" و"الخلاف" من جهة، والخلط المنهجي بين الاختلاف الفقهي والجدل الفقهي من جهة أخرى. ويعتمد منهج الدراسة في مقاربة هذا الموضوع على تقديم مقاربة شاملة وبينية، بحيث تقابل بين الدراسات التراثية والمعاصرة من جهة، ومن جهة أخرى، تقدم تحليلًا نقديًا للدراسات الإسلامية والغربية التي عُنيت بمسألة الاختلاف الفقهي، بما أتاح للباحث تقديم تصورٍ متعدد الأبعاد وأكثر دقة لمسائل هذه الدراسة ومباحثها. النتائج: بعد فحص عميق للعديد من الدراسات، يتبين أن الخلاصات المنهجية عند بعض الباحثين، مثل التمييز بين مصطلحي "الاختلاف" "والخلاف"، هو ابتداع ليس له أساس معجمي في التراث الإسلامي. وفقًا لهذه الدراسة، فإن مقاربة الاختلاف يجب أن تقوم على التمييز بين ما نطلق عليه "الاختلاف النظري"، الذي يرتبط بأصول الفقه ويعكس اهتماماتها النظرية والآلية، في مقابل "الاختلاف العملي" الذي يرتبط بالفقه كمجال تطبيقي بالأساس. أصالة البحث: تعدّ هذه أول دراسة مرجعية تعنى باهتمام الباحثين الغربيين بعلم الاختلاف، كما أن تصنيف دراسات الاختلاف الفقهي إلى عملية مرتبطة بالفقه ونظرية مرتبطة بأصول الفقه هي قراءة أصيلة ومتميزة.

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          Most cited references1

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          Reasons for the disagreements in the Maliki school of thought using ʿAqd al-Jawāhir al-Thamīna for Ibn Shas

          Purpose: This research aims to explore the scientific reasons for the differences between scholars in the Maliki school of thought and the effect of such differences on their research. The usual method for such investigations is to examine the reasons for the differences between various doctrines and to describe the benefits of each of the various readings of the same doctrine that stem from the different views of the elaborators. In all such efforts, it is important to be objective in order to reach the right conclusion. Methodology: I conducted searches using two methodologies: induction, whereby I followed the jurisprudence branches and the views of Maliki doctrine scholars, including the book “precious Jewels” from Ben Shas, from the start of the Immaculate Book until the end of the Haj Book. Additionally, I used deduction, whereby I investigated the various branches of thought and the reasons for their differences regarding the main subjects in the Islamic sciences. Findings: There are numerous reasons for the differences within the Maliki school of thought, including differences between the principles and rules of jurisprudence and in linguistic connotations. A single word may have more than one connotation within Arabic. Originality: This article is the first scholarly research dealing with the scientific reasons for differences among Maliki doctrine scholars and the impact these differences have on jurisprudence provisions.
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            Author and article information

            Contributors
            QA
            Journal
            Journal of College of Sharia and Islamic Studies
            Qatar University Press
            July 07 2024
            Affiliations
            [1]Qatar University جامعة قطر
            Article
            4422
            10.29117/jcsis.2024.0389
            f533680b-7c67-464d-b3aa-1d33961f5065
            Copyright @ 2024 Journal of College of Sharia and Islamic Studies مجلة كلية الشريعة والدراسات الاسلامية

            https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

            History

            Religious studies & Theology
            Uṣūl,Islamic legal history,علم الاختلاف,الخلاف,الفقه,أصول الفقه,الدراسات الإسلامية الغربية,ᶜilm al-ikhtilāf,Juristic disagreement,khilāf,Fiqh

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