Resumen Para el público culto de principios del siglo XIX, el dirigente paraguayo José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia era una figura tan misteriosa como desconcertante. Los pocos viajeros que llegaron a conocerlo se expresaron de forma ambivalente sobre Francia y calificaron su gobierno a veces de forma admirable y más a menudo de forma despectiva como una dictadura. Al principio de la modernidad, para los que escribieron sobre el problema de la dictadura, Francia se erigió en símbolo del cambio de significado del término “dictador”, que pasó de ser un gobernante legítimo, temporal y, por tanto, positivo en una emergencia, a un tirano ilegítimo. ¿Cómo percibieron los observadores europeos a Francia? ¿Qué importancia tenía el hecho de que Francia gobernara en una región que acababa de separarse del dominio colonial español y se había declarado república? ¿Cuáles fueron los motivos de la evaluación de Francia y qué generalizaciones se asociaron con ella para toda la región y con la dictadura en general? El artículo aborda esta cuestión basándose en las fuentes publicadas al respecto, desde Rengger y Robertson hasta Caldcleugh y otros.
Abstract To the educated public of the early 19th century, Paraguayan leader José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia was a figure as mysterious as he was puzzling. The few travelers who came to know him expressed themselves ambivalently about Francia and described his government sometimes admiringly and more often disparagingly as a dictatorship. At the beginning of modernity, for those who dealt with the problem of dictatorship, Francia stood as a symbol of the change in meaning of the term "dictator" from a legitimate, temporary, and therefore positive ruler in an emergency to an illegitimate tyrant. How did European observers perceive Francia? What was the significance of Francia ruling in a region that had just broken away from Spanish colonial rule and declared itself a republic? What were the reasons for the assessment of Francia and what generalizations were associated with it for the entire region and with the dictatorship in general? This paper addresses this question based on published sources on the subject, from Rengger and Robertson to Caldcleugh and others.
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