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      Consumo de alcohol y otras drogas en el medio laboral en España Translated title: Consumption of alcohol and other drugs by the active population in Spain

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          Abstract

          Objetivo: Describir los patrones de consumo de alcohol y otras drogas en la población activa, por sexo, en España. Métodos: De la Encuesta Domiciliaria de Alcohol y Drogas en España de 2007 se seleccionaron 15.082 personas activas, y se calculó la prevalencia de consumo de riesgo de alcohol (>50g para los hombres y 30g para las mujeres), hipnosedantes diarios, cannabis en los últimos 30 días y otras drogas ilegales en los últimos 12 meses, según situación laboral, actividad económica y categoría laboral. Se estimaron las odds ratio (OR) y los intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%) mediante regresiones logísticas. Resultados: El 3,4% tenía un consumo de alto riesgo de alcohol, el 2,3% consumía a diario hipnosedantes, el 7,9% había consumido cannabis en los últimos 30 días y el 11,9% alguna otra droga ilegal en los últimos 12 meses. Excepto para los hipnosedantes, las prevalencias eran mayores en los hombres. El consumo de hipnosedantes (OR = 1,68; IC95%: 1,04-2,73), cannabis y otras drogas ilegales fue superior en los hombres desempleados, mientras que sólo el de hipnosedantes fue mayor en las mujeres desempleadas (OR = 1,70; IC95%: 1,23-2,34). Para los hombres, en hostelería, actividades primarias y construcción se observó un mayor consumo de riesgo de alcohol respecto a la industria, con unas OR de 1,63 (IC95%: 1,11-2,38), 1,52 (IC95%: 1,04-2,20) y 1,50 (IC95%: 1,10-2,04), respectivamente. Para las mujeres se observó, en hostelería, un mayor consumo de cannabis con una OR de 2,34 (IC95%: 1,28-4,27), y de otras sustancias ilegales con una OR de 2,85 (IC95%: 1,71-4,76), respecto a la industria; estas últimas también estaban aumentadas para comercio, transportes y administración. Conclusiones: Los resultados pueden servir de referencia para empresas que deseen poner en marcha programas preventivos y para, en futuros estudios, evaluar el impacto de las actividades preventivas adoptadas.

          Translated abstract

          Objective: To describe consumption patterns of alcohol and other drugs in the active population in Spain by gender. Methods: Based on 15,082 active persons selected from the Domiciliary Survey of Alcohol and Drugs (Encuesta Domiciliaria de Alcohol y Drogas [EDADES]) 2007, we estimated prevalences for high-risk alcohol consumption (>50g/day in males, >30g/day in females), daily intake of tranquilizers, cannabis consumption in the last 30 days, and consumption of any other illegal drug in the last 12 months, by employment status, economic sector and occupational categories. Odds ratios (OR) and their confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated by logistic regression models. Results: The following prevalences were found: high-risk alcohol consumption, 3.4%; daily use of tranquilizers, 2.3%; cannabis consumption in the last 30 days, 7.9%; and consumption of any illegal drug in the last 12 months, 11.9%. Except for tranquilizer use, prevalences were higher in men than in women. Consumption of tranquilizers (OR = 1.68; 95%CI: 1.04-2.73), cannabis and other illegal drugs were all higher in unemployed men than in employed men, while only tranquilizer consumption was higher in unemployed women (OR = 1.70; 95% CI: 1.23-2.34). High-risk alcohol consumption was greater among men engaged in the catering, primary production and construction sectors in comparison to manufacturing industries: OR = 1.63 (95% CI: 1.11-2.38), OR = 1.52 (95% CI: 1.04-2.20), and OR = 1.50 (95% CI: 1.10-2.04), respectively. For women, those in catering showed higher consumptions of cannabis (OR = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.28-4.27) and of other illegal drugs (OR = 2.85; 95% CI: 1.71-4.76); the latter were also higher in commerce, transport and administration sectors than in manufacturing industries. Conclusions: These findings could serve as a useful reference for companies wanting to carry out preventive programs, and also for future studies assessing the impact of preventive measures.

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          Intoxicated workers: findings from a national Australian survey.

          To identify prevalence of alcohol and drug use and intoxication at work.
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            Work and mental health.

            Studies investigating the psychological correlates of types of occupation have focused on such disorders as stress, depression, suicide and substance abuse. There have also been some models proposed to allow understanding of factors common to different types of occupations. We sought to provide an overview of research related to work and mental health and consider future research directions. A literature search was conducted using the Medline, PsycInfo, Embase and PubMed databases. The key words "occupation" or "work" were searched in combination with the key words "mental health", "risk factors", "disorders", "depression", "suicide", "trauma", "stress" or "substance use". Studies of "stress" tend to be more applicable to specific workplace issues. While some of the studies relating to onset of depression, suicide, substance abuse and trauma pertain to specific occupational issues and results are often not generalizable, they have progressed our understanding of risk factors to those disorders. There are workplace factors involving exposure to danger and crisis that lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), substance abuse (including stimulants) and depersonalization. Workplace risk factors for depression involve situations promoting lack of autonomy, and involving "caring" for others as part of the work role, particularly where there is dependence on others for their livelihood. Risk factors for alcohol abuse include workplaces with access to alcohol and where use of alcohol is sanctioned. There appears to be a bi-directional relationship between personality and work, so that people are drawn to particular occupations, but the occupations then have an effect on them. An interactional model is proposed to consider this. The research questions pertaining to mental health are varied and will determine what mental health issues are of interest and the models of work applicable. There need to be more longitudinal studies and consideration of factors which the worker brings to the workplace (psychosocial issues, personality traits), as well as interpersonal issues and consideration of systemic, organizational, political and economic factors, including leadership styles.
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              Occupation and mortality related to alcohol, drugs and sexual habits.

              To identify opportunities for targeted prevention, we explored differences in occupational mortality from diseases and injuries related to alcohol consumption, sexual habits and drug abuse. Using data on all deaths among men and women aged 16-74 years in England and Wales during 1991-2000, we derived age- and social class-standardized proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) by occupation for cause of death categories defined a priori as potentially related to alcohol consumption, sexual habits or drug abuse. The highest mortality from alcohol-related diseases and injuries was observed in publicans and bar staff (both sexes) and in male caterers, cooks and kitchen porters and seafarers. Male seafarers had significantly elevated PMRs for cirrhosis (179), 'other alcohol-related diseases' (275), cancers of the liver (155), oral cavity (275) and pharynx (267) and injury by fall on the stairs (187). PMRs for human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were particularly high in tailors and dressmakers (918, 95% CI: 369-1890, in men; 804, 95% CI: 219-2060, in women) and male hairdressers (918, 95% CI: 717-1160). Most jobs with high mortality from HIV/AIDS also had more deaths than expected from viral hepatitis. Of seven jobs with significantly high PMRs for both drug dependence and accidental poisoning by drugs, four were in the construction industry (male painters and decorators, bricklayers and masons, plasterers, and roofers and glaziers). Our findings highlight major differences between occupations in mortality from diseases and injuries caused by alcohol, sexual habits and drug abuse. Priorities for preventive action include alcohol-related disorders in male seafarers and drug abuse in construction workers.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                gs
                Gaceta Sanitaria
                Gac Sanit
                Ediciones Doyma, S.L. (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                0213-9111
                June 2013
                : 27
                : 3
                : 248-253
                Affiliations
                [03] Barcelona orgnameInstitut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM-Hospital del Mar) España
                [01] Barcelona orgnameUniversitat Pompeu Fabra orgdiv1Centro de Investigación en Salud Laboral (CiSAL) España
                [04] Houston Texas orgnameThe University of Texas orgdiv1School of Public Health EE. UU
                [02] orgnameCentro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Epidemiología y Salud Pública España
                Article
                S0213-91112013000300010
                10.1016/j.gaceta.2012.06.006
                f4820177-1c0c-401e-8d53-7564977b70f0

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 February 2012
                : 13 June 2012
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 21, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Alcohol,Drogas de abuso,Salud laboral,Prevención,Drugs of abuse,Occupational health,Prevention

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