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      Chlorine and UV disinfection of ampicillin-resistant and trimethoprim-resistant Escherichia coliA paper submitted to the Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science.

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          Abstract

          This bench-scale study investigated whether strains of Escherichia coli that are resistant to two common types of antibiotics, ampicillin and trimethoprim, possess increased resistance to two common disinfectants in water and wastewater treatment, free chlorine and ultraviolet disinfection, relative to an antibiotic-sensitive strain of E. coli isolated from sewage sludge. Trimethoprim-resistant E. coli was slightly more resistant to chlorine than the antibiotic-sensitive isolate and the ampicillin-resistant E. coli under the study conditions (95% confidence), however this difference would not be important under normal chlorination conditions applied in practice. There were no statistically significant differences between the ultraviolet dose-response profiles of the antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-sensitive E. coli strains over the ultraviolet dose range tested.

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          Standardization of Methods for Fluence (UV Dose) Determination in Bench-Scale UV Experiments

          Karl Linden, James R. Bolton (2003)
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            Resistance to trimethoprim and sulfonamides.

            O Sköld (2015)
            Sulfonamides and trimethoprim have been used for many decades as efficient and inexpensive antibacterial agents for animals and man. Resistance to both has, however, spread extensively and rapidly. This is mainly due to the horizontal spread of resistance genes, expressing drug-insensitive variants of the target enzymes dihydropteroate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase, for sulfonamide and trimethoprim, respectively. Two genes, sul1 and sul2, mediated by transposons and plasmids, and expressing dihydropteroate synthases highly resistant to sulfonamide, have been found. For trimethoprim, almost twenty phylogenetically different resistance genes, expressing druginsensitive dihydrofolate reductases have been characterized. They are efficiently spread as cassettes in integrons, and on transposons and plasmids. One particular gene, dfr9, seems to have originally been selected in the intestine of swine, where it was found in Escherichia coli, on large plasmids in a disabled transposon, Tn5393, originally found in the plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora. There are also many examples of chromosomal resistance to sulfonamides and trimethoprim, with different degrees of complexity, from simple base changes in the target genes to transformational and recombinational exchanges of whole genes or parts of genes, forming mosaic gene patterns. Furthermore, the trade-off, seen in laboratory experiments selecting resistance mutants, showing drug-resistant but also less efficient (increased Kms) target enzymes, seems to be adjusted for by compensatory mutations in clinically isolated drug-resistant pathogens. This means that susceptibility will not return after suspending the use of sulfonamide and trimethoprim.
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              Potential ecological and human health impacts of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria from wastewater treatment plants.

              Diana Aga, S. H. Kim (2007)
              The occurrence of antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals in the environment has become an increasing public concern as recent environmental monitoring activities reveal the presence of a broad range of persistent pharmaceuticals in soil and water. Studies show that municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are important point sources of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment. The fate of antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals in WWTPs is greatly influenced by the design and operation of treatment systems. Because knowledge on the fate of antibiotics and resistant bacteria in WWTPs is important in estimating their potential impacts on ecology and human health, investigations on occurrence, treatment, and observed effects are reviewed in this article. In addition, human health risk assessment protocols for antibiotic and resistant bacteria are described. Although data on other pharmaceutical compounds are also presented, discussion is focused on antibiotics in the environment because of the potential link to increased emergence of resistance among pathogenic bacteria. The applications of modern analytical methods that facilitate the identification of novel transformation products of pharmaceuticals in environmental matrices are also included to illustrate that the disappearance of the parent pharmaceuticals in WWTPs does not necessarily equate to their complete removal.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering
                Abbreviated Title: Can. J. Civ. Eng.
                Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
                ISSN (Print): 0315-1468
                ISSN (Electronic): 1208-6029
                Publication date Created: May 2009
                Publication date (Print): May 2009
                Volume: 36
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 889-894
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
                [2 ]Centre for Environmental Policy, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
                Article
                DOI: 10.1139/L09-040
                SO-VID: f400e791-c624-48b4-bb63-867341b75339
                Copyright © © 2009
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