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      The effects of ionizing radiation on domestic dogs: a review of the atomic bomb testing era

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          ABSTRACT

          Dogs were frequently employed as laboratory subjects during the era of atomic bomb testing (1950–1980), particularly in studies used to generate predictive data regarding the expected effects of accidental human occupational exposure to radiation. The bulk of these studies were only partly reported in the primary literature, despite providing vital information regarding the effects of radiation exposure on a model mammalian species. Herein we review this literature and summarize the biological effects in relation to the isotopes used and the method of radionuclide exposure. Overall, these studies demonstrate the wide range of developmental and physiological effects of exposure to radiation and radionuclides in a mid‐sized mammal.

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          Cancer risk in 680 000 people exposed to computed tomography scans in childhood or adolescence: data linkage study of 11 million Australians

          John D Mathews, Anna V Forsythe, Zoe Brady … (2013)
          Objective To assess the cancer risk in children and adolescents following exposure to low dose ionising radiation from diagnostic computed tomography (CT) scans. Design Population based, cohort, data linkage study in Australia. Cohort members 10.9 million people identified from Australian Medicare records, aged 0-19 years on 1 January 1985 or born between 1 January 1985 and 31 December 2005; all exposures to CT scans funded by Medicare during 1985-2005 were identified for this cohort. Cancers diagnosed in cohort members up to 31 December 2007 were obtained through linkage to national cancer records. Main outcome Cancer incidence rates in individuals exposed to a CT scan more than one year before any cancer diagnosis, compared with cancer incidence rates in unexposed individuals. Results 60 674 cancers were recorded, including 3150 in 680 211 people exposed to a CT scan at least one year before any cancer diagnosis. The mean duration of follow-up after exposure was 9.5 years. Overall cancer incidence was 24% greater for exposed than for unexposed people, after accounting for age, sex, and year of birth (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.24 (95% confidence interval 1.20 to 1.29); P<0.001). We saw a dose-response relation, and the IRR increased by 0.16 (0.13 to 0.19) for each additional CT scan. The IRR was greater after exposure at younger ages (P<0.001 for trend). At 1-4, 5-9, 10-14, and 15 or more years since first exposure, IRRs were 1.35 (1.25 to 1.45), 1.25 (1.17 to 1.34), 1.14 (1.06 to 1.22), and 1.24 (1.14 to 1.34), respectively. The IRR increased significantly for many types of solid cancer (digestive organs, melanoma, soft tissue, female genital, urinary tract, brain, and thyroid); leukaemia, myelodysplasia, and some other lymphoid cancers. There was an excess of 608 cancers in people exposed to CT scans (147 brain, 356 other solid, 48 leukaemia or myelodysplasia, and 57 other lymphoid). The absolute excess incidence rate for all cancers combined was 9.38 per 100 000 person years at risk, as of 31 December 2007. The average effective radiation dose per scan was estimated as 4.5 mSv. Conclusions The increased incidence of cancer after CT scan exposure in this cohort was mostly due to irradiation. Because the cancer excess was still continuing at the end of follow-up, the eventual lifetime risk from CT scans cannot yet be determined. Radiation doses from contemporary CT scans are likely to be lower than those in 1985-2005, but some increase in cancer risk is still likely from current scans. Future CT scans should be limited to situations where there is a definite clinical indication, with every scan optimised to provide a diagnostic CT image at the lowest possible radiation dose.
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            Predicting radiation pneumonitis after chemoradiation therapy for lung cancer: an international individual patient data meta-analysis.

            David A. Palma, Suresh Senan, Kayoko Tsujino … (2013)
            Radiation pneumonitis is a dose-limiting toxicity for patients undergoing concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CCRT) for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We performed an individual patient data meta-analysis to determine factors predictive of clinically significant pneumonitis. After a systematic review of the literature, data were obtained on 836 patients who underwent CCRT in Europe, North America, and Asia. Patients were randomly divided into training and validation sets (two-thirds vs one-third of patients). Factors predictive of symptomatic pneumonitis (grade ≥2 by 1 of several scoring systems) or fatal pneumonitis were evaluated using logistic regression. Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) was used to define risk groups. The median radiation therapy dose was 60 Gy, and the median follow-up time was 2.3 years. Most patients received concurrent cisplatin/etoposide (38%) or carboplatin/paclitaxel (26%). The overall rate of symptomatic pneumonitis was 29.8% (n=249), with fatal pneumonitis in 1.9% (n=16). In the training set, factors predictive of symptomatic pneumonitis were lung volume receiving ≥20 Gy (V(20)) (odds ratio [OR] 1.03 per 1% increase, P=.008), and carboplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy (OR 3.33, P 0.65). On RPA, the highest risk of pneumonitis (>50%) was in patients >65 years of age receiving carboplatin/paclitaxel. Predictors of fatal pneumonitis were daily dose >2 Gy, V(20), and lower-lobe tumor location. Several treatment-related risk factors predict the development of symptomatic pneumonitis, and elderly patients who undergo CCRT with carboplatin-paclitaxel chemotherapy are at highest risk. Fatal pneumonitis, although uncommon, is related to dosimetric factors and tumor location. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Hematopoietic stem cell injury induced by ionizing radiation.

              Lijian Shao, Yi Luo, Daohong Zhou (2014)
              Exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) as the result of nuclear accidents or terrorist attacks is a significant threat and a major medical concern. Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) injury is the primary cause of death after accidental or intentional exposure to a moderate or high dose of IR. Protecting HSCs from IR should be a primary goal in the development of novel medical countermeasures against radiation.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Timothy A. Mousseau:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2235-4868
                mousseau@sc.edu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1111/(ISSN)1469-185X
                Journal ID (publisher-id): BRV
                Title: Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
                Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd (Oxford, UK )
                ISSN (Print): 1464-7931
                ISSN (Electronic): 1469-185X
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 May 2021
                Publication date (Print): October 2021
                Volume: 96
                Issue: 5 ( doiID: 10.1111/brv.v96.5 )
                Pages: 1799-1815
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 U.S.A.
                [ 2 ] Graduate Partnerships Program, National Human Genome Research Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD 20892 U.S.A.
                [ 3 ] Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD 20892 U.S.A.
                [ 4 ] SURA/LASSO/NASA, ISS Utilization and Life Sciences Division Kennedy Space Center Cape Canaveral FL 32899 U.S.A.
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Author for correspondence at address 1 (Tel: +1 803 920 7704; E‐mail: mousseau@ 123456sc.edu )

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7889-3425
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6075-9738
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2235-4868
                Article
                Publisher ID: BRV12723
                DOI: 10.1111/brv.12723
                PMC ID: 8429057
                PubMed ID: 33987930
                SO-VID: f3e4f6b0-ea74-47b4-9f03-023f9d0d3561
                Copyright © © 2021 The Authors. Biological Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Cambridge Philosophical Society.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                Date revision received : 11 April 2021
                Date received : 25 September 2020
                Date accepted : 13 April 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 4, Pages: 17, Words: 17922
                Funding
                Funded by: NIH/NHGRI Graduate Partnerships Program , doi 10.13039/100000002;
                Funded by: Samuel Freeman Charitable Trust
                Funded by: SURA/NASA Visiting Scholar Program
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article
                Subject: Original Articles
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                cover-date October 2021
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.0.8 mode:remove_FC converted:15.10.2021

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ecology
                Keywords: radiation,dog,radioactivity,cancer,disease,canine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ecology
                Keywords: radiation, dog, radioactivity, cancer, disease, canine

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